Malignant Phyllodes Tumor in a Pubertal Girl: A Report of a Case

BACKGROUND

Malignant phyllodes tumor (MPT) is a rare breast disease that is extremely rare in children. A few cases of pediatric malignant phyllodes tumors have been reported, including some with a poor prognosis.

CASE

A 14-year-old girl presented with a growing lump on her right breast. On the basis of imaging tests and a core needle biopsy, MPT was diagnosed, and right mastectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

MPT is an infrequent disease in adult females and is extremely rare in pubertal females. It occasionally shows rapid growth, metastasis, and recurrence with a poor prognosis. Early surgical resection is necessary to obtain a cure. When a rapidly growing breast tumor is observed in pubertal females, MPT should be considered.

Senile Gluteal Dermatosis: An Underreported Condition in Elderly Patients

Case 1: An 89-year-old obese Caucasian man with a history of coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia presented with herpes zoster on the lower back, and postherpetic neuralgia. The patient complained of significant pain and reported that he had been spending most of his day over the past few weeks in a seated position. (SKINmed. 2022;20:149-151).

P–651 Strict embryo-endometrial synchrony does not contribute to the successful pregnancy during vitrified-warmed embryo transfer with hormone replacement cycles

Study question

Does strict embryo-endometrium synchronization relate to pregnancy during vitrified-warmed embryo transfer (ET) with hormone replacement (HRT) cycles?

Summary answer

A 12-hour delay in the embryo-endometrial synchrony was acceptable, and this delay was not an independent predictor of pregnancy during vitrified-warmed ET with HRT cycles.

What is known already

Embryo-endometrium synchrony is considered to be necessary for successful pregnancy in both fresh and frozen-thawed cycles. Until now, the date of ET has been determined by the synchronization of the embryo developmental stage and the endometrium on a daily basis. To date, with the advent of the time-lapse incubator, it is possible to observe the embryo development from fertilization over time and to calculate the exact time from fertilization of the transferred embryo. However, there are very few studies on the extent to which increases the accuracy of synchronization between embryo and endometrium contributes to a successful pregnancy.

Study design, size, duration

This retrospective cohort study included 319 consecutive cycles during vitrified-warmed ET with HRT between August 2016 and August 2018. This study was conducted in an academically affiliated private practice.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

We analyzed 319 vitrified-warmed single-blastocyst transfer cycles. All frozen expanded blastocysts were inseminated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and cultured in a time-lapse incubator. We calculated time for the in vitro culture of the embryo after ICSI (t1) and time for progesterone-priming (t2) up to ET. The difference between t1 and t2 (delta-t) was used as an indicator of embryo-endometrium synchrony. We examined the relationship between delta-t and treatment outcomes using multivariate logistic analysis.

Main results and the role of chance

The mean patient’s age at oocyte retrieval was 35.7 (SD 4.3). The number of pregnant cycles was 157 in all treatment cycles (pregnancy rate, 49.2%). The mean value of delta-t was 9.9 h (SD 2.6) in all cycles. There was no significant difference of delta-t in pregnant (mean, SD: 10.0 h, 2.8 h) and non-pregnant cycles (mean, SD: 10.0 h, 2.3 h). Treatment cycles were classified according to the quartile of delta-t, and we examined the percentages of pregnant cycles in each group. There were no significant differences in pregnancy rates among the groups (p = 0.75). On multivariate logistic analysis, patient’s age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89–0.99), previous treatment cycles (aOR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56–0.99), endometrial thickness at ET (aOR: 1.19, 1.04–1.36), and good quality blastocysts (>3BB according to Gardner’s classification) at vitrification (aOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.23–5.05) were independent predictive factors for pregnancy. On the other hand, delta-t did not contribute to pregnancy (aOR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99–1.00).

Limitations, reasons for caution

We did not examine the effects of embryo-endometrium synchrony during vitrified-warmed ET in a natural cycle. Therefore, careful interpretation of the significance of embryo-endometrium synchrony during the vitrified-warmed ET should be taken.

Wider implications of the findings: We showed the embryo-endometrium synchrony did not contribute to the pregnancy during vitrified-warmed ET with HRT cycles. These results cast doubt on the existence of an optimal implantation window by changing the timing of ET with the results of gene expression testing of the endometrium.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

Online survey of genital and urinary symptoms among Japanese women aged between 40 and 90 years

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this survey was to assess the prevalence of genital and urinary tract symptoms among Japanese women with declining estrogen levels.

METHODS

A health-related questionnaire survey was conducted among women in their 40s or older to inquire about their genital, intercourse-related, and urinary symptoms and concern over their symptoms.

RESULTS

Of the consecutive 10,000 respondents recruited, 4488 (44.9%) reported having symptoms: 3546 (79.0%) expressed concern over their symptoms. Furthermore, 2173 women (21.7%) had incontinence, 1999 (20.0%) had urinary frequency, 1648 (16.5%) had itching, and 1560 (15.6%) reported odor; these were followed by looseness, dryness, and burning. Of the 2518 (25.2%) sexually active women, 518 (20.6%) reported having dyspareunia and more reported having urinary symptoms than genital symptoms. Of the symptomatic respondents, 33.1% had genital symptoms alone, 28.4% had urinary symptoms alone, and 38.4% had both. More sexually active women had genital symptoms, while more sexually inactive women had urinary symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Genital and urinary symptoms were shown to be common and coexist in a considerable proportion of the respondents, highlighting the pathology of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Again, dyspareunia and lower urinary tract symptoms were shown to be quite common among postmenopausal women.

Unique Challenges of Atopy Treatment in the Correctional Facility System: A Case Study

The United States houses one of the largest populations of incarcerated individuals in the world. By extension, the healthcare needs of incarcerated individuals are molded by the unique environmental and institutional circumstances that are less often a concern for the general nonincarcerated community. Conjugal visits pose a distinctive challenge for administration and physicians alike as this presents an intersection between the isolated, controlled correctional facility system and the broader, outside world. Here we present a case of severe urticaria and anaphylaxis associated with a patient's conjugal visits as well as the challenges in management and treatment of atopy relative to the correctional facility system.

Study of Commodity VR for Computational Material Sciences

Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) devices and software environments make it possible to easily incorporate this technology for many applications, including computational materials science. For studying three-dimensional (3D) structure models and related chemical information, we focused on using a commodity VR device (VIVE) and an authoring tool (Unity). To visualize 3D chemical structures, disturbances like judder due to dropped frames should be eliminated from the VR experience to improve simulations. We propose a simple evaluation method that is straightforward for the nonexpert or novice VR user. We examine the major visualization representations including ball, ball and stick, and isosurface systems. For systematic benchmark measurements, a pendulum from the VR device was used to generate periodic oscillatory motion during measurements of a time series in frames per second (fps). For VIVE with a refresh rate of 90 Hz, judder occurred when less than 90 fps. We demonstrated the system size limitations for the results of molecular dynamics simulations of phase separation of ABA block copolymers and experimental observations of filler morphologies in rubber.

Mammalian pigmentation is regulated by a distinct cAMP-dependent mechanism that controls melanosome pH

The production of melanin increases skin pigmentation and reduces the risk of skin cancer. Melanin production depends on the pH of melanosomes, which are more acidic in lighter-skinned than in darker-skinned people. We showed that inhibition of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) controlled pigmentation by increasing the pH of melanosomes both in cells and in vivo. Distinct from the canonical melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-dependent cAMP pathway that controls pigmentation by altering gene expression, we found that inhibition of sAC increased pigmentation by increasing the activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, which is more active at basic pH. We demonstrated that the effect of sAC activity on pH and melanin production in human melanocytes depended on the skin color of the donor. Last, we identified sAC inhibitors as a new class of drugs that increase melanosome pH and pigmentation in vivo, suggesting that pharmacologic inhibition of this pathway may affect skin cancer risk or pigmentation conditions.

Construction and usability of community health nursing database in rural north-eastern Thailand

INTRODUCTIONS

Digitization could be incorporated in rural areas of resource-poor countries because information gathered by nurses working on-site could be better used.

BACKGROUND

For effective management of community health information, the usage and maintenance of digital records are important. Digitization of information provides essential information for informing health policy.

AIM

To develop a sustainable database to effectively collect and manage community health information and nursing practice.

METHODS

This study used a mixed method design. Phase 1 involved the development of a database system through repeated systematic focus group discussions with community health nurses. Phase 2 involved a practical trial examination of the developed system with both objective and subjective evaluations.

RESULTS

A nursing database system was developed with templates designed for the major health problems of communities. The templates were composed of multiple-choice items and a free-text field that allowed records to be more detailed than handwritten records and maintained in standardized formats. This enables accumulation of data that were less likely to be influenced by the variance of ability in each nurse.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

A multifaceted evaluation of the database system suggested that it could improve the efficiency of information management and contribute to the improvement of nursing care quality through standardization of the recording pattern.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY

The nursing database will enable high-quality information storage that will potentially better inform health and healthcare policies as well as enable visualization of data concerning nursing care challenges and activities within the relevant communities. This information is essential for policy development and implementation in areas of human and fiscal resource allocations and meeting training/education needs.

Clinical Effect of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin on Anemia Associated with Chronic Renal Failure. A Multiinstitutional Study in Japan

Clinical effect and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) were evaluated in 66 hemodialysis patients with intractable anemia. Initially, 50U/kg dry weight (DW) of r-HuEPO was administered intravenously at the end of every hemodialysis procedure for 4 weeks, then the dosage was increased to 100 and 200U/kg DW for poor responders. The patients’ hematocrits rose from 19.8 ± 2.3% (pretreatment) to 30.2 ± 4.9% after 12 weeks. From 206 U of blood transfusion requirement in the 3-month period before the study, only 34 U were needed after treatment. Serum iron and ferritin levels fell significantly during the study, and iron storage was considered to be one of the decisive factors in the response to r-HuEPO. Blood pressure rose in the course of r-HuEPO administration, but uncontrollable hypertension was rarely observed. There was no significant adverse effect of r-HuEPO except for this mild hypertension. These results indicate that r-HuEPO is an excellent therapeutic aid for the anemia associated with chronic renal failure.

Effect of Membrane Trapping in Plasma Fractionator on Separative Characteristics

Several kinds of plasma fractionators have been introduced to actively separate protein fractions between albumin and globulins in double filtration plasmapheresis. However, relatively large molecular weight proteins are known to be partially trapped by the membrane in a plasma fractionator.

In this paper, effects of membrane trapping on separation characteristics in plasma fractionators were examined during in vitro and in vivo studies. All in vitro experiments were done with a closed circuit under constant-flow rate filtration. Protein concentration in feed tank kept constant at no filtration in AS-14H, Evaflux 4A and 2A, while 20-40% of IgG and 40-60% of β-lipoprotein in 2 liter plasma were removed by membrane trapping for 300 min when filtration fraction equaled 0.87. Protein plugging to the membrane seems to be a major factor in these proteins. And, Dead-end and Partially Discarded modalities with relatively high filtration fraction are effective for the separation between albumin and globulin.

Twenty-seven DFPP treatments in 13 patients with autoimmune diseases were done to allow us to estimate the effects of membrane trapping during an in vivo study. All treatments using 6 types of plasma fractionator were performed under constant operating conditions with Partially Discarded modality. In any plasma fractionator, β-lipoprotein was fairly trapped at 30 min after the start of treatment.

Microscopic Observation of Leukocyte Kinesis in the Vascular Bed during Hemodialysis Using the Rabbit Ear Chamber Technique

Leukocyte kinesis in the capillary vascular bed during hemodialysis (HD) was investigated to elucidate the mechanism of transient leukopenia. Leukocyte movement was observed microscopically during HD using the rabbit ear chamber (REC) technique, which permits visualization of the movement of blood corpuscles in capillaries. Blood was drawn from the femoral artery and returned into the auricular and/or carotid artery so that the blood passing through the hollow fiber artificial kidney (HFAK) flowed into capillaries in the REC. Leukocyte counts of blood samples taken from the afferent and efferent limbs of the HD circuit, the right jugular vein and the right atrium were determined consecutively during HD. The difference in the leukocyte count was observed between the afferent and efferent limbs for the first 15 minutes and thereafter between the efferent limb and the jugular vein. The “transpulmonary” difference in the leukocyte count was not noticed throughout HD. Between 15 and 90 minutes after the start of HD, scarcely any circulating leukocytes were found in capillaries in the REC and some leukocytes were attached to the endothelial surface. Thereafter circulating leukocytes were seen again and detachment of leukocytes from the endothelial surface was observed. No leukocyte aggregation or embolization of aggregating leukocytes was noticed. This evidence suggests that leukopenia may be attributed to the transient shift of leukocytes to the marginal pool of the vessel lumen and this process may not be specific for the pulmonary vasculature, but may occur in the first capillary bed into which the blood passing through the HFAK flows. The attachment of leukocytes to the surface membrane of the HFAK may contribute to the transient leukopenia especially during the initial period of the HD.

The effect of bolus volume on laryngeal closure and UES opening in swallowing: Kinematic analysis using 320-row area detector CT study

This study investigated the effects of three different volumes of honey-thick liquid on the temporal characteristics of swallowing. Twenty-six healthy subjects (15 males, 11 females) underwent 320-row area detector CT scan while swallowing 3, 10 and 20 mL of honey-thick liquid barium. Three-dimensional images were created at 10 images/s. Kinematic events involving six structures (velopharynx, hyoid bone, epiglottis, laryngeal vestibule (LV), true vocal cords (TVC), upper esophageal sphincter (UES)) and timing of bolus movement were timed using frame by frame analysis. The overall sequence of events did not differ across three volumes; however, increasing bolus volume significantly changed the onset and termination of events. The bolus head reached to pharynx and esophagus earlier and the duration of bolus passing through UES was significantly longer in 10 and 20 mL compared to 3 mL (P < .05). Consequently, the onset of UES opening was significantly earlier with increased volume (P < .05). LV and TVC closure occurred later in 20 mL compared to 3 mL (P < .05). These changes in motion of pharynx and larynx appeared to promote swallow safety by preventing aspiration, suggesting that anatomical structure movements adapt in response to bolus volume. Our findings also suggest that the pharyngeal swallow behaviours may be modified by afferents in the oral cavity. The three-dimensional visualization and quantitative measurements provided by 320-ADCT provide essential benchmarks for understanding swallowing, both normal and abnormal.

Review: the reemergence of brachytherapy as treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer

Electronic brachytherapy (EBT) has seen a significant rise in use over the past few years in treating non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, the current literature in EBT remains scarce. Existing data on high-dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) with surface applicators is often used to justify its efficacy and safety. In this review we study the two treatment modalities on their efficacy in treating NMSC and we explore the reasons behind the recent uprise in EBT. A literature review using PubMed was performed for articles published until January 2017 studying efficacy of HDR-BT and EBT for treating NMSC. HDR-BT demonstrated effective local control ranging from 96.2% to 100% up to 66 months of follow-up with acceptable cosmesis. For EBT, local control rates ranged from 90% to 100% with generally favorable tolerance and cosmesis outcome after roughly one year. While longer term data on EBT is needed, its short term efficacy shows promise as a possible alternative to surgery or other radiation therapy in a select group of patients.

Clinical Courses of Graft Failure Caused by Chronic Allograft Dysfunction in Kidney Transplantation

BACKGROUND

Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is a main cause of graft failure in kidney transplantation.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 279 kidney transplant recipients who survived with a functioning graft for at least 2 years. CAD was defined as chronic graft deterioration, excluding other specific causes. We defined the pattern of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), as follows: (1) "plateau" was defined as decline in eGFR ≤2 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; "long plateaus" were those lasting more than 5 years; (2) "rapid decline" was a decrease in eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m²/year. Patients diagnosed with CAD were categorized according to the occurrence of rapid decline and/or long plateau as follows: group 1, neither rapid decline nor long plateau; group 2, rapid decline only; group 3, long plateau only; and group 4, both rapid decline and long plateau.

RESULTS

From a total of 81 graft losses, 51 (63%) failed because of CAD, with a median of 9.4 years. Sixteen patients belonged to group 1, 14 to group 2, 12 to group 3, and nine to group 4. Mean graft survival times in the four groups were 7.7 ± 1.1, 6.1 ± 3.1, 16.2 ± 2.5, and 10.8 ± 3.6 years, respectively (P < .001). There were significant differences among groups in donor age, year of transplantation, mean eGFR at baseline, and acute rejection rate after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that this cohort of kidney transplant recipients who had CAD comprised subgroups with different clinical courses.

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in migration of gingival epithelial cells in response to stimulation by cigarette smoke condensate and infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke (CS) and periodontal pathogens could alter wound healing responses of gingival epithelial cells. To elucidate molecular mechanisms leading to these epithelial changes, we studied the signaling pathway involved in the modulation of cell migration by CS condensate (CSC) and the infection by a prominent periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) were treated with CSC or vehicle control for 24 h. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in cells with or without infection by P. gingivalis was assessed by polymerase chain reaction array and immunoblotting using phospho-specific antibodies. Cell migration was assessed using in vitro wound closure model, and specific pharmacologic inhibitors of MAPK pathways were used to characterize further the extent of involvement of the MAPK pathways.

RESULTS

Polymerase chain reaction array showed that gene expression of several members of the MAPK, particularly p38 and JNK, was upregulated more than twofold in Ca9-22 cells stimulated with 10 μg/mL CSC. Coincubation with P. gingivalis induced a different pattern of gene expression for MAPK pathways, but it did not suppress the MAPK-related genes upregulated by CSC. A significant phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was observed in cells stimulated with 10 μg/mL CSC (p < 0.05), whereas coincubation with a higher concentration of CSC (250 μg/mL) evoked no such activation. P. gingivalis infection resulted in a tendency to reduce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which had been enhanced by stimulation with 10 μg/mL CSC. Incubation with ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitors significantly reduced the wound closure of CSC-stimulated cells, by approximately 43% and 46%, respectively (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

CSC exerts effects on the migration of human gingival epithelial cells through the activation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. P. gingivalis infection attenuates the CSC-induced migration at least partly by suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but other pathways are likely to be involved in this modulatory process.

Body size evolution of a shell-brooding cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika

The substrate-brooding cichlid fish Telmatochromis temporalis in Lake Tanganyika demonstrates a simple example of ecological speciation between normal and dwarf morphs through divergent natural selection on body size. The dwarf morph most likely evolved from the ancestral normal morph; therefore, elucidating the evolution of its small body size is a key to understanding this ecological speciation event. Previous studies suggest that the small body size of the dwarf morph is an adaptation to the use of empty snail shells as shelters (males) and spawning sites (females), but this idea has not been fully evaluated. Combining original and previously published information, this study compared likelihood values to determine the primary factor that would be responsible for regulating the body size of the dwarf morph. Male body size is most likely regulated by the ability to turn within shells, which may influence the predation avoidance of adult fish. Females are smaller than males, and their body size is most likely regulated by the ability to lay eggs in the small spaces within shells close to the shell apices where predation risk on eggs is lower. This study provides new evidence supporting the hypothesis that different natural selection factors affected body size of the different sexes of the dwarf morph, which has not been reported in other animal species.

Cigarette smoke condensate modulates migration of human gingival epithelial cells and their interactions with Porphyromonas gingivalis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Epithelial cells are recognized as the first line of defense against bacterial infection and environmental harmful stimuli such as cigarette smoke (CS). Although previous studies explored the effects of nicotine on host cells, mechanisms by which CS affects cellular functions remain uncertain. The present study investigated the effects of CS condensate (CSC) on in vitro wound closure of gingival epithelial cells and their potential interactions with a major periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) were treated with CSC for 24 h. Cell proliferation was determined using a WST-1 assay. Cell migration was assessed using a wound closure model. The expression of integrins was analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy and real-time PCR. Intracellular invasion of P. gingivalis was evaluated by confocal scanning laser microscopy and an antibiotic protection assay.

RESULTS

Low concentrations (1-10 μg/mL) of CSC showed no significant effect on cell proliferation. CSC demonstrated dual effects on epithelial wound closure of Ca9-22 cells: high concentrations (i.e. 250 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the wound closure whereas low concentrations (i.e. 10 μg/mL) promoted it (p < 0.01). CSC induced distinct changes in cytoskeleton. When CSC-exposed cells were infected with P. gingivalis for 2 h, a significant inhibition of wound closure was observed concurrent with a decrease in integrin α3 expression near the wound area. A significantly increased P. gingivalis invasion into Ca9-22 was observed when exposed to low concentrations of CSC.

CONCLUSION

Low concentrations of CSC increased invasion of human gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis and induced changes in cytoskeleton and integrin expression, thereby modulating the cell migration.

Control of parathyroid hormone hydrolysis by the kidney

In order to assess the role of the kidney in controlling the degradation, fate, half-life, and consequently the functional level of the parathyroid hormone in vivo, highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-84) and synthetic N-terminal peptide of the bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-34) were iodinated and their hydrolysis by the kidney and liver tissue of rats were measured under various levels of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism. While the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-84 did not change significantly in response to acute change of serum parathyroid hormone in response to injections of EDTA, phosphate, and calcium or after parathyroidectomy, less bPTH 1-34 was hydrolyzed 60 min after injection of EDTA or phosphate along with the rise of serum PTH than in the controls. No significant change was found in the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-34 after calcium infusion or parathyroidectomy with a consequent fall of serum parathyroid hormone. Increase of calcium ions in the incubation medium in vitro resulted in a more pronounced increase of bPTH 1-34 hydrolysis than that of bPTH 1-84. Hydrolysis of the N-terminal portion of parathyroid hormone probably plays a more important role in the acute control of the functional level of the parathyroid hormone than the hydrolysis of the whole molecule.

Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone degradation by the kidney

Parathyroid function is controlled by the regulation of hormone secretion as well as degradation, through the action of calcium and vitamin D derivatives. In order to clarify the relationship between vitamin D metabolism and parathyroid degradation system, parathyroid hormone (PTH)-degrading activities of the kidney were measured in vitamin D repleted and depleted rats given various derivatives of vitamin D. Kidney calcium content rose markedly in animals given 10 microgram/kg 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3 and 1,000 microgram/kg dihydrotachysterol and PTH-degrading activity rose only in these animals, indicating a parallelism between kidney calcium content and PTH-degrading activity of the kidney tissue. These vitamin D derivatives also increased the PTH-degrading activity of kidney tissue when they were added in vitro.

Synthesis of nano-TaOx oxygen reduction reaction catalysts on multi-walled carbon nanotubes connected via a decomposition of oxy-tantalum phthalocyanine

Nano-TaO_x particles were supported on MWCNTs via a thermal decomposition of oxy-tantalum phthalocyanine. The ORR activity solely-originated from nano-TaO_x was above 0.9 V versus RHE with larger currents than conventional micro-TaO_x in acidic media.

Bower-building behaviour is associated with increased sperm longevity in Tanganyikan cichlids

We investigated the evolutionary relationship between spawning behaviour and sperm motility traits among Tanganyikan mouth-brooding cichlid species that have developed diverse mating behaviours and male sexual traits. Mouth-brooding behaviour is common among these fish, but different species demonstrate a range of spawning behaviours, bower construction, male sexual traits and timing of gamete release. We observed spawning behaviours and compared sperm motility traits of 28 Tanganyikan mouth-brooding cichlids to elucidate the evolutionary correlations between these traits. Sperm longevity was considerably longer in bower-building species that construct crater-shaped spawning sites compared with species that do not build bowers. Male bower builders released sperm in the pit of the bower prior to spawning, and the time from ejaculation to fertilization was longer. Conversely, most mouth-brooding cichlids deposited semen directly into the female buccal cavity, and spawned eggs were immediately picked up to be placed inside the cavity; thus, the time from ejaculation to fertilization was short. These observations suggest that increased sperm longevity is favoured in bower builders. Comparative phylogenetic analyses suggested that bower-building behaviour and greater time from ejaculation to fertilization are associated with the extension of sperm longevity, whereas sperm competition rank does not play a major role. In addition, bower-building behaviour preceded the emergence of increased sperm longevity. These results indicate that the extension of sperm longevity as a result of the emergence of bower builders may have acted as an evolutionary attractor for sperm longevity.

How (not) to draw philosophical implications from the cognitive nature of concepts: the case of intentionality

Philosophers have often appealed to intuitive judgments in various thought experiments to support or reject particular theses. Experimental philosophy is an emerging discipline that examines the cognitive nature of such intuitive judgments. In this paper, we assess the methodological and epistemological status of experimental philosophy. We focus on the Knobe effect, in which our intuitive judgment of the intentionality of an action seems to depend on the perceived moral status of that action. The debate on the philosophical implications of the Knobe effect has been framed in terms of the distinction between the competence and performance of the concept of intentionality. Some scholars seem to suggest that the Knobe effect reflects the competence (or otherwise, the performance error) of the concept of intentionality. However, we argue that these notions are purely functional and thus do not have philosophical implications, without assuming normativism, which we see as problematic in a psychological methodology. Finally, focusing on the gap between competence and rationality, we suggest future directions for experimental philosophy.

Association of PD-L1 overexpression with activating EGFR mutations in surgically resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Recent clinical trials have shown that immune-checkpoint blockade yields a clinical response in a subset of individuals with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We examined whether the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is related to clinicopathologic or prognostic factors in patients with surgically resected NSCLC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expression of PD-L1 was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis in 164 specimens of surgically resected NSCLC. Cell surface expression of PD-L1 in NSCLC cell lines was quantified by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Expression of PD-L1 in tumor specimens was significantly higher for women than for men, for never smokers than for smokers, and for patients with adenocarcinoma than for those with squamous cell carcinoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) mutations and adenocarcinoma histology were significantly associated with increased PD-L1 expression in a manner independent of other factors. Cell surface expression of PD-L1 was also significantly higher in NSCLC cell lines positive for activating EGFR mutations than in those with wild-type EGFR. The EGFR inhibitor erlotinib downregulated PD-L1 expression in the former cell lines but not in the latter, suggesting that PD-L1 expression is increased by EGFR signaling conferred by activating EGFR mutations. A high level of PD-L1 expression in resected tumor tissue was associated with a significantly shorter overall survival for NSCLC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

High expression of PD-L1 was associated with the presence of EGFR mutations in surgically resected NSCLC and was an independent negative prognostic factor for this disease.