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Nakka S, Raza A, Chaitanya KS, Bandaru NVMR, Chandu A, Murugesan S, Devunuri N, Sharma AK, Chandrasekhar KVG. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel quinoxaline aryl ethers as anticancer agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14502. [PMID: 38453260 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized thirty novel quinoxaline aryl ethers as anticancer agents, and the structures of final compounds were confirmed with various analytical techniques like Mass, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, FTIR, and elemental analyses. The compounds were tested against three cancer cell lines: colon cancer (HCT-116), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), prostate cancer (DU-145), and one normal cell line: human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293). The obtained results indicate that two compounds, FQ and MQ, with IC50 values < 16 μM, were the most active compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed the binding of FQ and MQ molecules in the active site of the c-Met kinase (PDB ID: 3F66, 1.40 Å). Furthermore, QikProp ADME prediction and the MDS analysis preserved those critical docking data of both compounds, FQ and MQ. Western blotting was used to confirm the impact of the compounds FQ and MQ on the inhibition of the c-Met kinase receptor. The apoptosis assays were performed to investigate the mechanism of cell death for the most active compounds, FQ and MQ. The Annexin V/7-AAD assay indicated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with FQ and MQ, with FQ (21.4%) showing a higher efficacy in killing MDA-MB-231 cells than MQ (14.25%). The Caspase 3/7 7-AAD assay further supported these findings, revealing higher percentages of apoptotic cells for FQ-treated MDA-MB-231 cells (41.8%). The results obtained from the apoptosis assay conclude that FQ exhibits better anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 cells than MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinuvasu Nakka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University (VFSTR), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kosana Sai Chaitanya
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Ala Chandu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nagaraju Devunuri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research University (VFSTR), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chaitanya KS, Naithani R, Naithani SC. Ascorbic acid metabolism in ageing recalcitrant sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) seeds. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38:1031-5. [PMID: 11324156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ascorbate content and its enzymatic utilization pattern were studied in embryonic axes and cotyledons of sal seeds undergoing rapid loss of viability, at ambient conditions. Ascorbate levels were significantly higher initially in the embryonic axes (0.32 mg/g fresh weight) and cotyledons (0.21 mg/g fresh weight) of freshly mature, relatively hydrated (42.2% moisture content) and 100% viable sal seeds. It declined sharply as the tissues; embryonic axes and cotyledons, desiccated with absolutely no detectable amount in non-viable seeds (21% moisture content). Significantly strong correlation was obtained between desiccation of embryonic axes (r = 0.96) and cotyledon (r = 0.97) with loss of ascorbate levels and loss of germinability. Higher rates of ascorbic acid utilization (AAU) recorded in the embryonic axes of 100% viable seed declined sharply as the seed viability reduced due to desiccation below 36.8% moisture content. AAU was not detected in the cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Chaitanya
- Seed Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
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