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Gopalakrishnan K, Sivanandam S, Aithal SS, Sakkaravarthi V, Vikash RP, Rajendran K, Jeevithan S. Estimating the Frequency of Hanifin and Rajka’s Minor Criteria among Paediatric Atopic Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Tamil Nadu, India- A Cross-sectional Study. IJNMR 2023. [DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2023/61075.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common relapsing inflammatory disorder, among the paediatric population clinically, characterised by pruritus and recurring eczematous skin lesions and a host of other cutaneous changes. Diagnosis is done on the basis of clinical findings with the usage of Hanifin and Rajka’s criteria which includes 4 major and 23 minor criteria. Geographical, climatic factors and other population factors have been reported to influence the occurrence of minor criteria. Aim: To estimate the frequency of Minor criteria among paediatric atopic dermatitis in Western Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done by including 110 atopic children attending Paediatric and Dermatology Outpatient Departments (OPD) of KMCH IHSR, Coimbatore, Western Tamil Nadu, India, between March 2022 to August 2022. The clinical and ophthalmological findings were documented. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentages, Continuous variables were presented as Mean±Standard deviation. The data was entered in excel and was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: Among the total study population of 110, 53 (48.2%) were males and the rest 57 (51.8%) were females. The mean age was 24.73±5.18 years with a range of 2-15 years. Early age of onset was seen in 73.6% of study population. Hyperlinear palms were found in 70% of the study patients. 68.2% had Dennie Morgan infraorbital fold, 64.5% had xerosis, 61% had pityriasis alba and 60% had a family history of atopy. Conclusion: Certain minor manifestations of AD like xerosis, icthyosis, hyprerlinear palms, and perifollicular accentuation were more common in the present study. Western Tamil Nadu having a tropical semi-arid climate tempered by higher altitude could explain the differences noted in the frequency of certain minor criteria.
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Sakkaravarthi V, Gopalakrishnan K, Manivel S, George ST. Trichoscopic Diagnosis and Management of a Case of Scalp Dysesthesia with Lichen Simplex Chronicus. Int J Trichology 2022; 14:218-220. [PMID: 37034545 PMCID: PMC10075348 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_27_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Scalp dysesthesia (SD), a variant of cutaneous dysesthesia syndrome is an underrecognized cause of scalp pruritus. It usually presents with itch, pain, burning, or stinging sensation over localized or diffuse area of the scalp without any objective findings. Trichoscopy, a rapid and in-office procedure, could aid in the early clinical diagnosis of this condition and initiate management. We report a case of SD in an elderly male diagnosed with the aid of trichoscope, evaluated and treated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinupriya Sakkaravarthi
- Department of Dermatology, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Dermatology, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathyaseelan Manivel
- Department of Psychiatry, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandeep Thomas George
- Department of Orthopaedics, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Devi Sangeetha A, Gopalakrishnan K, Ramachandran R, Narasimhan M, Ramraj B. A descriptive study of onychoscopic features in various subtypes of onychomycosis. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:S219-S225. [PMID: 36147430 PMCID: PMC9485850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of onychomycosis is usually clinical and is confirmed by 40% KOH examination. A diagnostic dilemma occurs when KOH examination is negative despite strong clinical suspicion. Dermoscopic evaluation of the nail is referred to as onychoscopy. We attempted to assess the dermoscopic findings in Onychomycosis positive with KOH examination. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center including 122 patients with clinical suspicion of onychomycosis with KOH positivity. After assessment of risk factors and gross nail examination, onychoscopic examination was done to identify the presence of the specific features. Results Primary findings of onychoscopic examination were 'spiked pattern' in 80.3% subjects, of which 95 were distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), 8 of total dystrophic onychomycosis (TDO). True leukonychia was seen in the single patient of proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO) and pseudoleukonychia in the single patient of white superficial onychomycosis (WSO). Distal irregular termination was observed in 23% of subjects - 8 from DLSO and in all 20 patients of TDO. 'Ruin appearance' was observed in all 20 patients of TDO, 56 patients with DLSO and not seen in other types of onychomycosis (OM). Presence of spiked pattern, Longitudinal striae, Distal irregular termination and Ruin appearance were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion In suspected onychomycosis, specific onychoscopic findings such as Spiked pattern, Longitudinal striae, Ruin appearance and Distal irregular termination can be used as supporting evidence for diagnosing onychomycosis clinically and initiating antifungal therapy if mycological testing is unavailable or negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Devi Sangeetha
- Junior Resident (Dermatology), SRM Medical College & Research Centre, SRM Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Gopalakrishnan
- Associate Professor (Dermatology), SRM Medical College & Research Centre, SRM Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramachandran
- Associate Professor (Dermatology), SRM Medical College & Research Centre, SRM Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murali Narasimhan
- Professor & Head (Dermatology), SRM Medical College & Research Centre, SRM Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Ramraj
- Associate Professor (Community Medicine), SRM Medical College & Research Centre, SRM Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Suhag R, Kumar R, Dhiman A, Sharma A, Prabhakar PK, Gopalakrishnan K, Kumar R, Singh A. Fruit peel bioactives, valorisation into nanoparticles and potential applications: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6757-6776. [PMID: 35196934 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2043237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field with profound applications in different domains, particularly in food science and technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis, an integral part of nanotechnology-based applications, is broadly classified into chemical, physical and biosynthesis methods. Chemically sensitive and energy-intensive procedures employed for NPs synthesis are some of the limits of traditional chemical approaches. Recent research has focused on developing easy, nontoxic, cost-effective, and environment-friendly NPs synthesis during the last decade. Biosynthesis approaches have been developed to achieve this goal as it is a viable alternative to existing chemical techniques for the synthesis of metallic nanomaterials. Fruit peels contain abundant bioactive compounds including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, vitamin C, and essential oils with substantial health benefits, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties, generally discarded as byproduct or waste by the fruit processing industry. NPs synthesized using bioactive compounds from fruit peel has futuristic applications for an unrealized market potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical delivery. Numerous studies have been conducted for the biosynthesis of metallic NPs such as silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), zinc oxide, iron, copper, palladium and titanium using fruit peel extract, and their synthesis mechanism have been reported in the present review. Additionally, NPs synthesis methods and applications of fruit peel NPs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Atul Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pramod K Prabhakar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
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Aishwarya R, Sharma K, Gopalakrishnan K, Nagalingam N. Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome- A Case Series. J Clin Diagn Res 2022. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2022/55602.16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome (BCIS) there occurs hypoxia, hypotension, and loss of consciousness at around the time the bone is cemented. Hip arthroplasty has become a frequent intervention with the increase in aging population. Hereby, the authors discussed five cases (three male and two female patients), all aged 58 years and above. Few patients found to have co-morbid medical conditions in the Preanaesthetic Clinic (PAC). All the patients developed adverse responses after the bone cementing procedure. One of the patients presented for PAC and was scheduled for right-sided knee arthroplasty. The generalised signs observed amongst these patients were hypoxia, hypotension, unexpected loss of consciousness, cardiovascular collapse, either intraoperatively or postoperatively, and were of varying severity. Patients were accordingly managed medically and were also given Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), whenever required. Two patients could not be revived while three got discharged in good condition. The incidence of morbidity and mortality due to BCIS can be reduced by carefully identifying high-risk patients.
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Pavithra S, Gopalakrishnan K, Shanmugam J. Efficacy of 70% Glycolic Acid Peel versus 30% Salicylic Acid Peel in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Acne Vulgaris: A Retrospective Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2022. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2022/57286.17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chemical peels have become a useful modality in the management of acne in addition to topical and systemic medications. Studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of peels have compared only lower concentration of Glycolic Acid (GA) (35%) and Salicylic Acid (SA) peels. Higher concentrations of glycolic acid i.e., (70%) are reported to be safe and more effective than lower concentrations. Despite reported advantages of higher concentration of glycolic acid peel, no published data is available regarding its efficacy, safety and tolerability in comparison with other peels. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of 70% GA peel with 30% SA peel in the management of mild to moderate acne. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 in which, 60 participants were enrolled. They were diagnosed with mild to moderate acne, based on the Indian Acne Alliance (IAA) grading system and all of them underwent chemical peel treatment. Among them 30 had received 70% GA peel (group 1) and 30 had received 30% SA peel (group 2). The number of sittings and the individual lesional count at baseline and at each sitting were recorded. Acne lesional count (sum of comedones, papules, pustules, and nodules) was recorded at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentages. Continuous variables were presented as Mean±Standard deviation. Results: There was a significantly greater decrease in mean acne lesional count in group 2 from the baseline of 25.73 to 13.83 at the end of 2nd weekin comparison to group 1 wherein the values reduced from 26.30 to 17.73 (p-value of 0.003). At the end of eight weeks, the mean acne lesional count of both groups (group 1- 2.17 and group 2-1.50, p-value of 0.097) were comparable. Conclusion: Higher concentration of GA (70%) has comparable effectiveness to 30% SA peel in management of mild to moderate acne. SA peel has an advantage of earlier decrease in lesional count.
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Gopalakrishnan K, Sharma A, Emanuel N, Prabhakar PK, Kumar R. Sensors for Non‐Destructive Quality Evaluation of Food. Food Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119792130.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Islam S, Dutta P, Sahay O, Gopalakrishnan K, Roy Muhury S, Parameshwar P, Shetty P, Santra MK. Feedback-regulated transcriptional repression of FBXO31 by c-Myc triggers ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:1512-1524. [PMID: 34706096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
FBXO31, a member of F-box protein family, has been shown to play an important role in preventing tumorigenesis by preserving genomic stability during cell proliferations as well as upon genotoxic stresses. Inactivation of FBXO31 due to loss of heterozygosity is associated with various cancers, including ovarian cancer, one of the deadliest forms of gynecological cancers. However, the role and regulation of FBXO31 in ovarian cancer remained elusive. Here, using biochemical and molecular biology techniques, we show that c-Myc suppresses the mRNA levels of FBXO31 in ovarian cancer cell lines and mouse model. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment showed that c-Myc is recruited to the promoter region of FBXO31 and prevents FBXO31 mRNA synthesis. In contrast, FBXO31 maintains the c-Myc expression at an optimum through proteasome pathway. FBXO31 interacts with and facilitates the polyubiquitination of c-Myc through the SCF complex and thereby inhibits ovarian cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, FBXO31-mediated proteasomal degradation of c-Myc is unique. Unlike other negative regulators, FBXO31 recognizes c-Myc in phosphorylation independent manner to direct its degradation. Further, expression levels analysis revealed that c-Myc and FBXO31 share a converse correlation of expression in ovarian cancer cell lines and patient samples. We observed an increase in the expression levels of c-Myc with a concomitant decrease in the levels of FBXO31 in higher grades of ovarian cancer patient samples. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that oncogene c-Myc impairs the tumor-suppressive functions of FBXO31 to promote ovarian cancer progression, and therefore c-Myc-FBXO31 axis can be explored to develop better cancer therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehbanul Islam
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parul Dutta
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushrita Roy Muhury
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parinitha Parameshwar
- Department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), University Enclave, Medical Sciences Complex, Dheralakatte, Mangalore, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Tabuso M, Christian M, Kimani PK, Gopalakrishnan K, Arasaradnam RP. KRAS Status is Associated with Metabolic Parameters in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer According to Primary Tumour Location. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2537-2548. [PMID: 32594310 PMCID: PMC7471139 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by complex interplay between macroenvironmental factors and tumour microenvironment, leading to variable outcomes in CRC patients. To date, there is still a need to identify macroenvironment/microenvironment factors that could define subgroup of patients that would benefit from specific anti-cancer treatment in order to improve patient selection for individualized targeted-based therapy. Aim of this study was to evaluate associations between metabolic parameters and KRAS status in metastatic CRC (mCRC) according to a new tumour site classification. Retrospective data were extracted from a total of 201 patients diagnosed with mCRC between 2012 and 2017 extracted from an established CRC database at our tertiary institute. Clinical-pathological data, including age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, pre-CRC diagnosis serum lipid levels and KRAS status were recorded. Categorical characteristics were compared using chi-squared test. Continuous characteristics were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Log rank test was used to compare hazards for survival. In all comparisons, a two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 201 patients, 170 patients with complete serum lipid profile were included in the analysis. In recto-sigmoid cancers there was a statistically significant association between high cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (chol:HDL) ratio and KRAS mutation (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.1–6.4, p = 0,02). In non recto-sigmoid cancers, high cholesterol was associated with KRAS WT (OR 0.39, CI 0.15–0.97, p = 0.04). In 22 patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer stage IV at diagnosis normal chol:HDL ratio was associated with a trend to better survival (p = 0.06). High chol:HDL ratio was significantly associated with KRAS mutated metastatic recto-sigmoid cancers. A subgroup of mCRC patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer may benefit from optimal lipid lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabuso
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - M Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - P K Kimani
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - R P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,The University of Warwick, School of life Sciences, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Coventry, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5BF, UK.,University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Kanchi S, Sabela M, Shahbaaz M, Gumede N, Gopalakrishnan K, Bisetty K, Venkatasubba Naidu N, Inamuddin, Asiri AM. Selectivity and sensitivity enhanced green energy waste based indirect-μ-solid phase extraction of carbaryl supported by DFT and molecular docking studies. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singh NK, Pramoda K, Gopalakrishnan K, Rao CNR. Synthesis, characterization, surface properties and energy device characterstics of 2D borocarbonitrides, (BN)xC1−x, covalently cross-linked with sheets of other 2D materials. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17237-17253. [PMID: 35539267 PMCID: PMC9080456 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent cross-linking of 2D structures such as graphene, MoS2 and C3N4 using coupling reactions affords the generation of novel materials with new or improved properties. These covalently cross-linked structures provide the counter point to the van der Waals heterostructures, with an entirely different set of features and potential applications. In this article, we describe the materials obtained by bonding borocarbonitride (BCN) layers with BCN layers as well as with other layered structures such as MoS2 and C3N4. While cross-linking BCN layers with other 2D sheets, we have exploited the existence of different surface functional groups on the graphene (COOH) and BN(NH2) domains of the borocarbonitrides as quantitatively determined by FLOSS. Hence, we have thus obtained two different BCN–BCN assemblies differing in the location of the cross-linking and these are designated as GG/BCN–BCN and GBN/BCN–BCN, depending on which domains of the BCN are involved in cross-linking. In this study, we have determined the surface areas and CO2 and H2 adsorption properties of the cross-linked structures of two borocarbonitride compositions, (BN)0.75C0.25 and (BN)0.3C0.7. We have also studied their supercapacitor characteristics and photochemical catalytic activity for hydrogen generation. The study reveals that the covalently cross-linked BCN–BCN and BCN–MoS2 assemblies exhibit increased surface areas and superior supercapacitor performance. The BCN composite with MoS2 also shows high photochemical HER activity besides electrochemical HER activity comparable to Pt. This observation is significant since MoS2 in the nanocomposite is in the 2H form. The present study demonstrates the novelty of this new class of materials generated by cross-linking of 2D sheets of inorganic graphene analogues and their potential applications. Covalent cross-linking of 2D structures such as graphene, MoS2 and C3N4 using coupling reactions affords the generation of novel materials with new or improved properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Kumar Singh
- New Chemistry Unit
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Sheikh Saqr Laboratory
- International Centre for Materials Science
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
| | - K. Pramoda
- New Chemistry Unit
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Sheikh Saqr Laboratory
- International Centre for Materials Science
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
| | - K. Gopalakrishnan
- New Chemistry Unit
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Sheikh Saqr Laboratory
- International Centre for Materials Science
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
| | - C. N. R. Rao
- New Chemistry Unit
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Sheikh Saqr Laboratory
- International Centre for Materials Science
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
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Charlesbabu J, Gopalakrishnan K, Elango M, Vasudevan K. Preparation and characterization of Cd-doped ZnO thin films by spin coating method. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2016.1242627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Charlesbabu
- Department of Electronics, SNR Sons College, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - M. Elango
- Department of Physics, PSGCAS, Coimbatore, India
| | - K. Vasudevan
- Department of Electronics, VLB JCAS, Coimbatore, India
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Rao CNR, Gopalakrishnan K. Borocarbonitrides, B xC yN z: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties with Potential Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:19478-19494. [PMID: 27797466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Borocarbonitrides, BxCyNz, constitute a new family of layered two-dimensional materials and can be considered to be derived from graphene. They can be simple composites containing graphene and BN domains or more complex materials possessing B-C and C-N bonds besides B-N and C-C bonds. Properties of these materials depend on the composition, and the method of synthesis, wherein one can traverse from the insulating end (BN) to the conducting end (graphene). In this article, we present an up-to-date review of the various aspects of borocarbonitrides including synthesis, characterization and properties. Some of the properties have potential applications, typical of them being in gas adsorption and energy devices such as supercapacitors, fuel cells and batteries. Performance of borocarbonitrides as catalysts in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction is impressive. It is noteworthy that with certain compositions on borocarbonitrides, field-effect transistors can be fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N R Rao
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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Kanchi S, Anuradha P, Kumar BN, Gopalakrishnan K, Ravi P. Quantification of Se(IV) and Co(II) in Macrobrachium lamarrei, fresh water prawns and their feeding materials. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Karthik C, Ramkumar VS, Pugazhendhi A, Gopalakrishnan K, Arulselvi PI. Biosorption and biotransformation of Cr(VI) by novel Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain AR6. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sreedhara M, Gopalakrishnan K, Bharath B, Kumar R, Kulkarni G, Rao C. Properties of nanosheets of 2D-borocarbonitrides related to energy devices, transistors and other areas. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spain L, Higgins R, Gopalakrishnan K, Turajlic S, Gore M, Larkin J. Acute renal allograft rejection after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1135-1137. [PMID: 26951628 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab and nivolumab improve survival in patients with advanced melanoma and are increasingly available to clinicians for use in the clinic. Their safety in organ transplant recipients is not well defined but published case reports describing treatment with ipilimumab have not been complicated by graft rejection. No cases of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 administration are reported in this group. We describe a case of acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient after treatment with nivolumab, after progression on ipilimumab. Potential factors increasing the risk of graft rejection in this case are discussed, in particular the contribution of nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Spain
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - R Higgins
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry
| | | | - S Turajlic
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London; The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London, UK
| | - M Gore
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - J Larkin
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London.
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Devadiga S, Desai AK, Joshi S, Gopalakrishnan K. Quantitative assessment of healthy and reconstructed cleft lip using ultrasonography. Indian J Dent 2016; 7:6-10. [PMID: 27134448 PMCID: PMC4836101 DOI: 10.4103/0975-962x.179377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study is conducted to investigate the feasibility of echographic imaging of tissue thickness of healthy and reconstructed cleft lip. Design: Prospective study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in SDM Craniofacial Unit, Dharwad and was approved by Local Institutional Review Board. A total of 30 patients, age group ranging from 4 to 25 years, of which 15 postoperative unilateral cleft lip constituted the test group. The remaining 15 with no cleft deformities, no gross facial asymmetry, constituted the control group. The thickness of the mucosa, submucosa, muscle and full thickness of the upper lip were measured with the transversal images using ultrasonography at midpoint of philtrum, right and left side philtral ridges and vermillion border, at 1, 3, 6 months interval. Results: There was an increase in muscle thickness at the vermillion border (mean = 6.9 mm) and philtral ridge (5.9 mm). Equal muscle thickness were found between the normal and test group at 6 months follow-up in a relaxed position, which was statistically significant (P = 0.0404). Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of thickness and echo levels of various lip tissues are done with proper echographic calibration. Diagnostic potentials of this method for noninvasive evaluation of cleft lip reconstructions were achieved by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Devadiga
- Department of Oral Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Anil Kumar Desai
- Department of Oral Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamsunder Joshi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Oral Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Dimitriadis GK, Gopalakrishnan K, Rao R, Grammatopoulos DK, Randeva HS, Weickert MO, Murthy N. Severe paraneoplastic hypoglycemia secondary to a gastrointestinal stromal tumour masquerading as a stroke. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2015; 2015:150062. [PMID: 26535131 PMCID: PMC4629400 DOI: 10.1530/edm-15-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report the case of a 70-year-old previously healthy female who presented acutely to the Accident and Emergency department with left-sided vasomotor symptoms including reduced muscle tone, weakness upon walking and slurred speech. Physical examination confirmed hemiparesis with VIIth nerve palsy and profound hepatomegaly. A random glucose was low at 1.7 mmol/l, which upon correction resolved her symptoms. In hindsight, the patient recalled having had similar episodes periodically over the past 3 months to which she did not give much attention. While hospitalized, she continued having episodes of symptomatic hypoglycaemia during most nights, requiring treatment with i.v. dextrose and/or glucagon. Blood tests including insulin and C-peptide were invariably suppressed, in correlation with low glucose. A Synacthen stimulation test was normal (Cort (0') 390 nmol/l, Cort (30') 773 nmol/l). A computed tomography scan showed multiple lobulated masses in the abdomen, liver and pelvis. An ultrasound guided biopsy of one of the pelvic masses was performed. Immunohistochemistry supported the diagnosis of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) positive for CD34 and CD117. A diagnosis of a non islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia (NICTH) secondary to an IGF2 secreting GIST was confirmed with further biochemical investigations (IGF2=96.5 nmol/l; IGF2:IGF1 ratio 18.9, ULN <10). Treatment with growth hormone resolved the patient's hypoglycaemic symptoms and subsequent targeted therapy with Imatinib was successful in controlling disease progression over an 8-year observation period. LEARNING POINTS NICTH can be a rare complication of GISTs that may manifest with severe hypoglycaemia and neuroglucopenic symptoms.NICTH can masquerade as other pathologies thus causing diagnostic confusion.Histological confirmation of GIST induced NICTH and exclusion of other conditions causing hypoglycaemia is essential.Mutational analysis of GISTs should be carried out in all cases as it guides treatment decision.Tailored management of hypoglycaemia, in this case using growth hormone and targeted cyto-reductive therapy, minimizes the risk of possible life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Dimitriadis
- Warwick Institute for the Study of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (WISDEM Centre), The Arden NET Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UHCW NHS Trust, ENETS CoE , Coventry , UK ; Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus , London , UK ; Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Histopathology , Coventry and Warwickshire, Pathology Service, UHCW NHS Trust , Coventry , UK
| | - R Rao
- Warwick Institute for the Study of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (WISDEM Centre), The Arden NET Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UHCW NHS Trust, ENETS CoE , Coventry , UK
| | - D K Grammatopoulos
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Histopathology , Coventry and Warwickshire, Pathology Service, UHCW NHS Trust , Coventry , UK
| | - H S Randeva
- Warwick Institute for the Study of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (WISDEM Centre), The Arden NET Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UHCW NHS Trust, ENETS CoE , Coventry , UK ; Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - M O Weickert
- Warwick Institute for the Study of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (WISDEM Centre), The Arden NET Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UHCW NHS Trust, ENETS CoE , Coventry , UK
| | - N Murthy
- Warwick Institute for the Study of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (WISDEM Centre), The Arden NET Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UHCW NHS Trust, ENETS CoE , Coventry , UK
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Gopalakrishnan K, Pramoda K, Maitra U, Mahima U, Shah MA, Rao CNR. Performance of MoS2-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites in supercapacitors and in oxygen reduction reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1680/nme.14.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rao CNR, Gopalakrishnan K, Maitra U. Comparative Study of Potential Applications of Graphene, MoS2, and Other Two-Dimensional Materials in Energy Devices, Sensors, and Related Areas. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:7809-32. [PMID: 25822145 DOI: 10.1021/am509096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel properties of graphene have been well documented, whereas the importance of nanosheets of MoS2 and other chalcogenides is increasingly being recognized over the last two to three years. Borocarbonitrides, BxCyNz, with insulating BN and conducting graphene on either side are new materials whose properties have been attracting attention. These two-dimensional (2D) materials contain certain common features. Thus, graphene, MoS2, and borocarbonitrides have all been used in supercapacitor applications, oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), and lithium-ion batteries. It is instructive, therefore, to make a comparative study of some of the important properties of these layered materials. In this article, we discuss properties related to energy devices at length. We examine the hydrogen evolution reaction facilitated by graphene, MoS2, and related materials. We also discuss gas and radiation sensors based on graphene and MoS2 as well as gas storage properties of graphene and borocarbonitrides. The article should be useful in making a judicious choice of which 2D material to use for a particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N R Rao
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Urmimala Maitra
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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Gravante G, Yahia S, Gopalakrishnan K, Mathew G. Goblet cells carcinoid with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: a step towards the unitary intestinal stem cell theory? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014; 18:1591-1594. [PMID: 24943968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Associations of various histotypes in appendiceal neoplasms may help elucidate the histogenesis of such uncommon tumors. We present the fourth published case of Goblet Cell Carcinoid (GCC) associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix. This association has been described only for GCC and not for classic appendix carcinoids which are thought to originate from neuroendocrine-committed cells. The GCC-mucinous association adds more towards the theory of a pluripotent intestinal stem cell with amphicrine possibilities of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gravante
- Department of Surgery, and Department of Histopathology, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, United Kingdom.
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Adirajaiah S, Anehosur V, Gopalakrishnan K. Adenocarcinoma of the sublingual salivary gland - A case report. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2012; 2:206-9. [PMID: 25737867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report and review of literature aimed to assess a case of adenocarcinoma of sublingual salivary gland. METHOD We present a case of a 52-year-old female with adenocarcinoma of sublingual salivary gland displaying painful swelling in the floor of the mouth, which was affecting her speech and mastication. CONCLUSION Surgery is the treatment of choice for malignant sublingual gland tumors, but the type of surgical intervention depends on the extent of the primary tumor itself. Even though the tumors of the sublingual salivary gland are rare, they are a diagnostic challenge to every head and neck surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Adirajaiah
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580009, India
| | - Venkatesh Anehosur
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580009, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka 580009, India
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Kumar P, Das B, Chitara B, Subrahmanyam KS, Gopalakrishnan K, Krupanidhi SB, Rao CNR. Novel Radiation-Induced Properties of Graphene and Related Materials. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thandapani D, Gopalakrishnan K, Devadasan S, Sreenivasa C, Murugesh R. Quality models in industrial and engineering educational scenarios: a view from literature. The TQM Journal 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/17542731211215099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report a literature review which was conducted to trace the quality journeys occurring in industrial and educational scenarios.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the literature was reviewed to trace the efforts made to implement quality models in industrial scenarios. Quality models include International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 9000 certification, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA), Deming Prize and European Quality Award (EQA). Next, the literature was reviewed to trace the quality journey being undertaken in an engineering educational scenario.FindingsModern Engineering Educational Institutions (EEIs) are required to first accredit their programs by following Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)‐based stipulations. Then, these EEIs have to strive to implement quality models.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the low volume of research conducted, relatively very few papers dealing with ABET and quality models could be reviewed. However, the exhaustive review of most of these papers has overcome this limitation.Practical implicationsFirst, modern EEIs should gain accreditation to ABET and then strive to obtain quality models. This endeavour would make fresh engineers employable in industrial scenarios.Originality/valueIt appears that no researcher has so far attempted to examine the implementation of quality models in an engineering educational scenario. In this context, the results of the literature review reported in this paper could be utilized while implementing quality models in EEIs via ABET‐based accredited programs.
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Gopalakrishnan K, Subrahmanyam KS, Kumar P, Govindaraj A, Rao CNR. Reversible chemical storage of halogens in few-layer graphene. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Joe B, Saad Y, Dhindaw S, Lee NH, Frank BC, Achinike OH, Luu TV, Gopalakrishnan K, Toland EJ, Farms P, Yerga-Woolwine S, Manickavasagam E, Rapp JP, Garrett MR, Coe D, Apte SS, Rankinen T, Perusse L, Ehret GB, Ganesh SK, Cooper RS, O'Connor A, Rice T, Weder AB, Chakravarti A, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Positional identification of variants of Adamts16 linked to inherited hypertension. Hum Mol Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gopalakrishnan K, Joshi HM, Kumar P, Panchakarla L, Rao C. Selectivity in the photocatalytic properties of the composites of TiO2 nanoparticles with B- and N-doped graphenes. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gopalakrishnan K, Kumarasamy S, Rapp JP, Joe B. Reply to “Letter to the Editor: ‘Mapping genes for hypertension using experimental models: a challenging and unanticipated very long journey’”. Physiol Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00230.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Gopalakrishnan
- Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - S. Kumarasamy
- Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - J. P. Rapp
- Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - B. Joe
- Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
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Gopalakrishnan K, Saikumar J, Peters CG, Kumarasamy S, Farms P, Yerga-Woolwine S, Toland EJ, Schnackel W, Giovannucci DR, Joe B. Defining a rat blood pressure quantitative trait locus to a <81.8 kb congenic segment: comprehensive sequencing and renal transcriptome analysis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:153-61. [PMID: 20716646 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00122.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from multiple linkage and genome-wide association studies suggest that human chromosome 2 (HSA2) contains alleles that influence blood pressure (BP). Homologous to a large segment of HSA2 is rat chromosome 9 (RNO9), to which a BP quantitative trait locus (QTL) was previously mapped. The objective of the current study was to further resolve this BP QTL. Eleven congenic strains with introgressed segments spanning <81.8 kb to <1.33 Mb were developed by introgressing genomic segments of RNO9 from the Dahl salt-resistant (R) rat onto the genome of the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat and tested for BP. The congenic strain with the shortest introgressed segment spanning <81.8 kb significantly lowered BP of the hypertensive S rat by 25 mmHg and significantly increased its mean survival by 45 days. In contrast, two other congenic strains had increased BP compared with the S. We focused on the <81.8 kb congenic strain, which represents the shortest genomic segment to which a BP QTL has been mapped to date in any species. Sequencing of this entire region in both S and R rats detected 563 variants. The region did not contain any known or predicted rat protein coding genes. Furthermore, a whole genome renal transcriptome analysis between S and the <81.8 kb S.R congenic strain revealed alterations in several critical genes implicated in renal homeostasis. Taken together, our results provide the basis for future studies to examine the relationship between the candidate variants within the QTL region and the renal differentially expressed genes as potential causal mechanisms for BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Abstract
An interactive internet computing server,RPMS(Ramachandran plot for multiple structures) has been developed to visualize the Ramachandran angles of several highly homologous protein structures in a single plot. Options are provided for users to locate the amino acid residues in various regions of the plot. To perform the above, users need to enter the Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification codes. In addition, users can upload the atomic coordinates from the local machine. A Java graphics interface has been deployed and the server has been interfaced with a locally maintained PDB anonymous FTP server, which is updated weekly. The serverRPMScan be accessed through the Bioinformatics web server at http://cluster.physics.iisc.ernet.in/rpms/.
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Abstract
Transitions in amino-acid conformation angles tend to accompany various structural modifications in protein structures. Thus, to benefit the modeling of protein structures, the Conformation Angles DataBase (CADB-3.0) has been updated to visualize the conformational angles in varied regions (fully, generously, additionally and disallowed regions). In addition, options are provided to display the angles in the secondary structural elements (alpha-helix, beta-sheet and 3(10)-helix) of the Ramachandran plot. The database is being updated periodically and can be accessed over the World Wide Web at the following URL: http://cluster.physics.iisc.ernet.in/cadb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gopalakrishnan
- Bioinformatics Centre (Centre of Excellence in Structural Biol. & Bio-comput.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Balamurugan B, Roshan MNAM, Shaahul Hameed B, Sumathi K, Senthilkumar R, Udayakumar A, Venkatesh Babu KH, Kalaivani M, Sowmiya G, Sivasankari P, Saravanan S, Vasuki Ranjani C, Gopalakrishnan K, Selvakumar KN, Jaikumar M, Brindha T, Michael D, Sekar K. PSAP: protein structure analysis package. J Appl Crystallogr 2007. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889807021875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A computing engine, theProtein Structure Analysis Package(PSAP), has been developed to calculate and display various hidden structural and functional features of three-dimensional protein structures. The proposed computing engine has several utilities to enable structural biologists to analyze three-dimensional protein molecules and provides an easy-to-use Web interface to compute and visualize the necessary features dynamically on the client machine. Users need to provide the Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification code or upload three-dimensional atomic coordinates from the client machine. For visualization, the free molecular graphics programsRasMolandJmolare deployed in the computing engine. Furthermore, the computing engine is interfaced with an up-to-date local copy of the PDB. The atomic coordinates are updated every week and hence users can access all the structures available in the PDB. The computing engine is free and is accessible online at http://iris.physics.iisc.ernet.in/psap/.
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Abstract
The Ramachandran plot displays the main chain conformation angles (Phi and Psi) of the polypeptide chain of a protein molecule. The paper reports the updated version of the Ramachandran plot web server and has several improved options for displaying the conformation angles in various regions. In addition, options are provided to display the conformation angles in various secondary structural elements and regions within the user specified Phi and Psi values in the plot. The updated version is accessible at the following URL: http://dicsoft1.physics.iisc.ernet.in/rp/.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gopalakrishnan
- Bioinformatics Centre (Centre of Excellence in Structural Biol. & Bio-comput.), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Kumar LR, Sengodan V, Prasad MB, Gopalakrishnan K, Sethupathi K. Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Blends of Polyaniline with Poly(azomethine ester)s. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030600773628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ravi Kumar
- a Department of Chemistry , C.B.M. College , Coimbatore , India
| | - V. Sengodan
- b Department of Electronics , S.N.R. Sons College , Coimbatore , India
| | - M. Balaji Prasad
- b Department of Electronics , S.N.R. Sons College , Coimbatore , India
| | - K. Gopalakrishnan
- b Department of Electronics , S.N.R. Sons College , Coimbatore , India
| | - K. Sethupathi
- c Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai , India
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Jayade CV, Ayoub AF, Khambay BS, Walker FS, Gopalakrishnan K, Malik NA, Srivastava D, Pradhan R. Skeletal stability after correction of maxillary hypoplasia by the Glasgow extra-oral distraction (GED) device. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 44:301-7. [PMID: 16162377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis delivers excellent results, particularly in patients with clefts. In the past, devices such as the conventional facemask and the rigid external distraction device have been used to correct maxillary hypoplasia after a Le Fort I osteotomy. We describe a new device, the Glasgow extra-oral distraction device. The extent of skeletal and dental stability of corrections achieved in 10 patients with maxillary hypoplasia associated with clefts was satisfactory. This device costs little, can be produced in developing countries, and provides effective treatment for severe secondary deformity associated with clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Jayade
- Department of Orthodontics, SDM Dental College, Dharwad, Karnataka State, India
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Umare P, Antony R, Gopalakrishnan K, Tembe G, Trivedi B. Synthesis of low molecular weight polyethylene waxes by a titanium BINOLate–ethylaluminum sesquichloride catalyst system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2005.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Najarian K, Gopalakrishnan K, Zadeh RH. Signal processing for functional analysis of protein mutants. Int J Bioinform Res Appl 2005; 1:102-120. [PMID: 18048124 DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2005.006905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique to predict the functional behaviour of protein mutants using their primary sequence. The amino acid sequences of proteins are used to form biochemical signals. Signal processing techniques are used to extract functionally meaningful measures from these signals. These computational measures are then used to distinguish functional classes of mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Najarian
- College of Information Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Johnson JK, Gopalakrishnan K, Joseph A, Lindow SW. Cord blood gamma glutamyl transferase activity in complicated pregnancies. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/718591719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Johnson JK, Gopalakrishnan K, Nair MKC, Lindow SW. Breech babies—a long term neurodevelopmental follow-up study from a south Indian university hospital. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/718591702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fillos J, Ramalingam K, Thomatos S, Carrio L, Gopalakrishnan K, Paradis E. FULL-SCALE EVALUATION OF STEP-FEED BNR PROCESS AT A NEW YORK CITY WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.2175/193864702784900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rao AJ, Ramachandra SG, Ramesh V, Krishnamurthy HN, Jayaraman S, Gopalakrishnan K, Juneja HS. Effect of chronic administration of Tamoxifen on fertility in male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Andrologia 1998; 30:129-32. [PMID: 9635091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of Tamoxifen via the Alzet pump at a rate of 50 micrograms hr-1 for 90 days in the adult male bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata had no effect on the serum testosterone concentration determined at 10 AM and 10 PM as well as total sperm count determined at 15-day intervals over a period of 260 days. However, a significant reduction in sperm motility was observed beyond 90 days up until the 225th day. Breeding studies conducted from day 90 to 260 revealed that these males were infertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Rao
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Aravindan GR, Gopalakrishnan K, Ravindranath N, Moudgal NR. Effect of altering endogenous gonadotrophin concentrations on the kinetics of testicular germ cell turnover in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). J Endocrinol 1993; 137:485-95. [PMID: 8371078 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1370485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of FSH and diurnal testosterone rhythms in specific germ cell transformations during spermatogenesis were investigated using DNA flow cytometry and morphometry of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult male bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata), the endogenous hormone levels of which were altered by two different protocols. (1) Active immunization of five monkeys for 290 days using ovine FSH adsorbed on Alhydrogel resulted in the neutralization of endogenous FSH, leaving the LH and diurnal testosterone rhythms normal. (2) Desensitization of the pituitary gonadotrophs of ten monkeys by chronically infusing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue, buserelin (50 micrograms/day release rate), via an Alzet pump implant (s.c.) led to a 60-80% reduction in LH and FSH as well as total abolition of testosterone rhythms. The basal testosterone level (3.3 +/- 2.0 micrograms/l), however, was maintained in this group by way of an s.c. testosterone silicone elastomer implant. Both of the treatments caused significant (P < 0.01) nearly identical reduction in testicular biopsy scores, mitotic indices and daily sperm production rates compared with respective controls. The germ cell DNA flow cytometric profiles of the two treatment groups, however, were fundamentally different from each other. The pituitary-desensitized group exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) increase in 2C (spermatogonial) and decrease in 1C (round spermatid) populations while S-phase (preleptotene spermatocytes) and 4C (primary spermatocytes) populations were normal, indicating an arrest in meiosis caused presumably by the lack of increment in nocturnal serum testosterone. In contrast, in the FSH-immunized group, at day 80 when the FSH deprivation was total, the primary block appeared to be at the conversion of spermatogonia (2C) to cells in S-phase and primary spermatocytes (4C reduced by > 90%). In addition, at this time, although the round spermatid (1C) population was reduced by 65% (P < 0.01) the elongate spermatid (HC) population showed an increase of 52% (P < 0.05). This, taken together with the fact that sperm output in the ejaculate is reduced by 80%, suggests a blockade in spermiogenesis and spermiation. Administration of booster injections of oFSH at time-points at which the antibody titre was markedly low (at days 84 and 180) resulted in a transient resurgence in spermatogenesis (at day 180 and 228), and this again was blocked by day 290 when the FSH antibody titre increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Aravindan
- Primate Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Puri CP, Katkam RR, Vadigoppula AD, Gopalakrishnan K, Elger WA, Billimoria FR, Patil RK. Contraceptive potential of an antiprogestin ZK 98.734: reversal of ZK 98.734--induced blockade of folliculogenesis with FSH and LH and their differential effects in bonnet monkeys. Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 30:987-95. [PMID: 1293045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken in adult bonnet monkeys to investigate whether treatment with an antiprogestin ZK 98.734 at weekly intervals, starting from day one of menstrual cycle, could arrest ovulation and also to determine if ZK 98.734 induced blockade of ovulation could be reversed with gonadotropins. Adult animals have ovulatory menstrual cycles of normal duration were treated at weekly intervals with ZK 98.734 (25 mg/dose, sc, oil base) for 10 consecutive weeks and its effects on serum levels of estradiol, bioactive LH and progesterone, and endometrial histology were investigated. Following treatment with the antiprogestin they were treated with hMG or hFSH alone. Ovulation was blocked during treatment period in all the animals (n = 14). Typical follicular phase rise in estradiol levels was inhibited, mid cycle surge in the levels of bioactive LH was abolished and serum progesterone levels remained below 1 ng/ml throughout the treatment period. However, prolonged treatment had no significant effect on the basal levels of estradiol which were around 50 pg/ml. ZK 98.734 also had no significant effect on cortisol levels. In animals (n = 4) followed for recovery after the last dose, the treatment cycle length was increased to 117.8 + 6.8 days. In three animals the treatment cycles were anovulatory, whereas in one delayed ovulation with luteal insufficiency was observed. The endometrium had become atrophic. Treatment with hMG (Pergonal: 35 I.U. hLH and 35 I.U. hFSH) or hFSH (Metrodin, 35 I.U.) for 7 consecutive days initiated folliculogenesis and the animals ovulated either spontaneously or after a single im injection of hCG (100 I.U.) on day 8 in ZK 98.734 treated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Puri
- Institute for Research in Reproduction (ICMR), Bombay, India
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Aravindan GR, Ravindranath N, Gopalakrishnan K, Moudgal NR. DNA flow-cytometric analysis of testicular germ cell populations of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) as a function of sexual maturity. J Reprod Fertil 1990; 89:397-406. [PMID: 2401971 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0890397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell populations of biopsies from 32 male bonnet monkeys in 5 different age groups were quantitated in a flow cytometer after labelling of germ cell DNA with the specific fluorochrome, 4,6-diamidino phenyl indole. The 5 quantifiable populations were spermatogonia (2C), preleptotene spermatocytes (S phase), primary spermatocytes (4C), round spermatids (1C) and elongate spermatids (HC). The seminiferous tubules of immature 3-4-year-old monkey had only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia (2C). At 5-6 years, germ cells in S-phase (9.5%), 4C (11.1%), 1C (41.8%) and HC (17.1%) stages of maturation appeared for the first time but at 7-8 years of age and beyond all cell types except HC decreased while 1C remained relatively constant. Histometric analysis correlated well with the flow-cytometric data. The decrease in cells of 2C, S-phase and 4C stages was associated with an increase in mitotic index, signifying acceleration in the kinetics of germ cell transformation into subsequent cell types. The total turnover in cell transformation (1C:2C) was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased at and beyond 7-8 years. Maximum transition from 2C to 4C occurred at 5-6 years (4C:2C ratio 0.8 at 5-6 years and 0.6 at 7-8 years). The ratio HC:1C (kinetics of cell transformation during spermiogenesis) attained near total efficiency only by 10 years of age (1.08 at 10-14 years; 0.9 at 18-20 years). Also, the cell associations within the seminiferous tubules of monkeys greater than or equal to 10 years of age were better defined than those of younger animals. The changes in germ cell ratios correlated well with alterations in testicular volume, sperm numbers in the ejaculate and surges of testosterone and increments in FSH in the serum, characteristic of development of sexual maturity. It is apparent from this study that DNA flow cytometry of testicular germ cell populations reveals subtle changes in spermatogenic status of bonnet monkeys with a high degree of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Aravindan
- Primate Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Gopalakrishnan K, Apkarian R. Effect of freezing on ultrastructure of chimpanzee sperms as revealed by ethanol cryofracture and scanning electron microscope. Indian J Exp Biol 1990; 28:114-8. [PMID: 2370073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural features of fresh chimpanzee spermatozoa were studied following ethanol cryofracture of sperm pellets. Fresh and freeze preserved semen samples used for artificial insemination were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. The centrifuged cells in the form of a pellet were post fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. The ethanol dehydrated pellets were cryofractured, critical point dried from liquid CO2, mounted on stubs and decorated with 5-6 nm gold palladium. When compared with fresh samples the ultrastructural features of spermatozoa showed the following changes. The most conspicuous changes were noted in the acrosomal membrane region. The acrosomal membrane becomes swollen wavy and broken at several points. The plasma membrane around the neck region was thinned out with mitochondrial sheath being pulled back. The general 9 + 2 arrangement of the axoneme was unchanged. Thus critical changes in the membrane structure and mid piece morphology may account for the present failure of artificial insemination procedure using frozen sperm in this primate species.
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Balasubramanian R, Aroor AR, Gopalakrishnan K, Shenoy UD, Rao AV, Rao BK. A case of pre-leukaemia masquerading as haemolytic anaemia due to multi-enzymopathy of the red cell. J Assoc Physicians India 1989; 37:239-40. [PMID: 2768172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 19 year old woman presented as a case of haemolytic anaemia due to multi-enzyme deficiency of the erythrocyte. After a transient improvement with folic acid therapy, she developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia. This is the second reported case of a myelodysplastic syndrome presenting with a haemolytic picture and subsequently developing an acute myeloblastic leukaemia.
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Gopalakrishnan K, Bandivdekar AH, Sheth AR. Agglutination of human spermatozoa with antibodies to inhibin. Indian J Exp Biol 1987; 25:433-5. [PMID: 3436640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hurkadli KS, Jayaraman S, Gopalakrishnan K, Arbatti NJ, Sheth AR. Role of inhibin in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Fertil 1986; 31:165-9. [PMID: 2875040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of inhibin in the etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) was studied. In rats PCO was induced by thiouracil and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). These animals were grouped under different treatment schedules: inhibin; antibodies to inhibin; ovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In rats treated with antibodies to inhibin, there was a decrease in ovarian weight concomitant with specific increase in serum FSH levels. No changes in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin levels were observed. However, testosterone levels were significantly decreased. Histological examination of the ovaries showed a marked arrest in the cyst formation with new growing follicles. In animals treated with inhibin, testosterone levels increased without any accompanying changes in ovarian weight. The circulating levels of prolactin and LH were unaffected. A decrease in serum FSH levels was accompanied by an increase in the number of cysts. The study corroborates the hypothesis that inhibin is involved in the development of PCO syndrome. Hence, an antagonist to inhibin may prove useful for the treatment of women with this condition.
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