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Maheshwari M, Yadav N, Hasanain M, Pandey P, Sahai R, Choyal K, Singh A, Nengroo MA, Saini KK, Kumar D, Mitra K, Datta D, Sarkar J. Inhibition of p21 activates Akt kinase to trigger ROS-induced autophagy and impacts on tumor growth rate. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1045. [PMID: 36522339 PMCID: PMC9755229 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its ability to induce cellular senescence, inhibit PCNA, and arrest cell division cycle by negatively regulating CDKs as well as being a primary target of p53, p21 is traditionally considered a tumor suppressor. Nonetheless, several reports in recent years demonstrated its pro-oncogenic activities such as apoptosis inhibition by cytosolic p21, stimulation of cell motility, and promoting assembly of cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex. These opposing effects of p21 on cell proliferation, supported by the observations of its inconsistent expression in human cancers, led to the emergence of the concept of "antagonistic duality" of p21 in cancer progression. Here we demonstrate that p21 negatively regulates basal autophagy at physiological concentration. Akt activation, upon p21 attenuation, driven ROS accumulation appears to be the major underlying mechanism in p21-mediated modulation of autophagy. We also find p21, as a physiological inhibitor of autophagy, to have oncogenic activity during early events of tumor development while its inhibition favors survival and growth of cancer cells in the established tumor. Our data, thereby, reveal the potential role of autophagy in antagonistic functional duality of p21 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Maheshwari
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Praveen Pandey
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rohit Sahai
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kuldeep Choyal
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mushtaq A. Nengroo
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Krishan K. Saini
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India ,grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dipak Datta
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Hasanain M, Sahai R, Pandey P, Maheshwari M, Choyal K, Gandhi D, Singh A, Singh K, Mitra K, Datta D, Sarkar J. Microtubule disrupting agent-mediated inhibition of cancer cell growth is associated with blockade of autophagic flux and simultaneous induction of apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12749. [PMID: 32167212 PMCID: PMC7162801 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Given that autophagy inhibition is a feasible way to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic agents, identifying potent autophagy inhibitor has obvious clinical relevance. Here, we investigated ability of TN‐16, a microtubule disrupting agent, on modulation of autophagic flux and its significance in promoting in vitro and in vivo cancer cell death. Materials and methods The effect of TN‐16 on cancer cell proliferation, cell division, autophagic process and apoptotic signalling was assessed by various biochemical (Western blot and SRB assay), morphological (TEM, SEM, confocal microscopy) and flowcytometric assays. In vivo anti‐tumour efficacy of TN‐16 was investigated in syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Results TN‐16 inhibited cancer cell proliferation by impairing late‐stage autophagy and induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagic flux was demonstrated by accumulation of autophagy‐specific substrate p62 and lack of additional LC3‐II turnover in the presence of lysosomotropic agent. The effect was validated by confocal micrographs showing diminished autophagosome‐lysosome fusion. Further studies revealed that TN‐16–mediated inhibition of autophagic flux promotes apoptotic cell death. Consistent with in vitro data, results of our in vivo study revealed that TN‐16–mediated tumour growth suppression is associated with blockade of autophagic flux and enhanced apoptosis. Conclusions Our data signify that TN‐16 is a potent autophagy flux inhibitor and might be suitable for (pre‐) clinical use as standard inhibitor of autophagy with anti‐cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasanain
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sahai
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Pandey
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mayank Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Choyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Gandhi
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pandey P, Singh D, Hasanain M, Ashraf R, Maheshwari M, Choyal K, Singh A, Datta D, Kumar B, Sarkar J. 7-hydroxyfrullanolide, isolated from Sphaeranthus indicus, inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth by p53-dependent and -independent mechanism. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:791-804. [PMID: 30535334 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. is commonly used in Indian traditional medicine for management of multiple pathological conditions. However, there are limited studies on anticancer activity of this plant and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we isolated an active constituent, 7-hydroxyfrullanolide (7-HF), from the flowers of this plant, which showed promising chemotherapeutic potential. The compound was more effective in inhibiting in vitro proliferation of colon cancers cells through G2/M phase arrest than other cancer cell lines that were used in this study. Consistent with in vitro data, 7-HF caused substantial regression of tumour volume in a syngeneic mouse model of colon cancer. The molecule triggered extrinsic apoptotic pathway, which was evident as upregulation of DR4 and DR5 expression as well as induction of their downstream effector molecules (FADD, Caspase-8). Concurrent activation of intrinsic pathway was demonstrated with loss of ΔΨm to release pro-apoptotic cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of downstream caspase cascades (Caspase -9, -3). Loss of p53 resulted in decreased sensitivity of cells towards pro-apoptotic effect of 7-HF with increased number of viable cells indicating p53-dependent arrest of cancer cell growth. This notion was further supported with 7-HF-mediated elevation of endogenous p53 level, decreased expression of MDM2 and transcriptional upregulation of p53 target genes in apoptotic pathway. However, 7-HF was equally effective in preventing progression of HCT116 p53+/+ and p53-/- cell derived xenografts in nude mice, which suggests that differences in p53 status may not influence its in vivo efficacy. Taken together, our results support 7-HF as a potential chemotherapeutic agent and provided a new mechanistic insight into its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Pandey
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raghib Ashraf
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mayank Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Choyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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