Alterations to Placental Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression with Alcohol Consumption

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy results in elevated vulnerability to intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth. Many of the detrimental effects of fetal alcohol exposure may be mediated through placental dysfunction; however, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of maternal alcohol exposure prior to and during early pregnancy on placental glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms, associated GR regulated genes, and infant outcomes. Participants carrying singleton fetuses (n = 113) were recruited during early pregnancy. Amount and type of alcohol consumed over the last 12 months were obtained at 18 weeks of gestation. The level of drinking was separated into none (0 g/day), low (< 10 g/day), moderate (10-100 g/day), and heavy (> 100 g/day). At delivery, placental weight, infant sex, birthweight, and head circumference were recorded. Placental GR isoforms and genes involved in downstream signalling pathways were quantified. The majority of women (70.8%) consumed alcohol. Of these, most consumed low (48.8%) or moderate (37.5%) amounts. Placental weight was unaffected by alcohol consumption, but infants born to heavy drinkers tended to be lighter at birth. In female, but not male, placentae, maternal alcohol consumption resulted in increased GRαC and decreased GRαD1 cytoplasmic expression. In both female and male placentae, a dampened inflammatory response was evident with maternal alcohol consumption, involving downregulated IL6R and upregulated POU2F2 gene expression, respectively. Maternal alcohol consumption in the months prior to, and/or during early, pregnancy alters placental GR isoform and expression of some inflammatory genes in a sex-specific manner.

Genetic diversity and differentiation in a southern beech subjected to introgressive hybridization

Diversity and differentiation among 11 Argentine populations of the South American southern beech, Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dimitri & Milano, were studied using eight isozyme gene markers. Genetic diversity, observed heterozygosity, mean number of alleles per locus, Gregorius' genetic distance, amount of genetic differentiation and mean level of differentiation among populations were estimated. Introgression of N. obliqua into the gene pool of N. nervosa was analysed using two species-specific isozyme gene markers (Adh-A and Pgi-B). As in most forest tree species, the main genetic variation was found within populations. Mean observed heterozygosity for the species was 17.3%, whilst mean level of genetic differentiation (deltage) was 4.6%. The most differentiated locus was Mdh-B with differences in 10% of the effective number of genes. From the analysis of the species distribution pattern it is suggested that genetic variation is geographically structured through the different lake watersheds along which the species is distributed. The occurrence of natural interspecific hybridization in some of the watersheds, together with the unidirectional gene flow along these watersheds sharpens this latitudinal structure. Different evolutionary stages in the introgressive hybridization process are apparently taking place in different lake watersheds.