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Edgerton SA, Bian X, Doran JC, Fast JD, Hubbe JM, Malone EL, Shaw WJ, Whiteman CD, Zhong S, Arriaga JL, Ortiz E, Ruiz M, Sosa G, Vega E, Limon T, Guzman F, Archuleta J, Bossert JE, Elliot SM, Lee JT, McNair LA, Chow JC, Watson JG, Coulter RL, Doskey PV, Gaffney JS, Marley NA, Neff W, Petty R. Particulate Air Pollution in Mexico City: A Collaborative Research Project. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1999; 49:1221-1229. [PMID: 28060672 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PM10, PM25, precursor gas, and upper-air meteorological measurements were taken in Mexico City, Mexico, from February 23 to March 22, 1997, to understand concentrations and chemical compositions of the city's particulate matter (PM). Average 24-hr PM10 concentrations over the period of study at the core sites in the city were 75 H g/m3. The 24-hr standard of 150 μ g/m3 was exceeded for seven samples taken during the study period; the maximum 24-hr concentration measured was 542 μ g/m3. Nearly half of the PM10 was composed of fugitive dust from roadways, construction, and bare land. About 50% of the PM10 consisted of PM2.5, with higher percentages during the morning hours. Organic and black carbon constituted up to half of the PM2.5. PM concentrations were highest during the early morning and after sunset, when the mixed layers were shallow. Meteorological measurements taken during the field campaign show that on most days air was transported out of the Mexico City basin during the afternoon with little day-to-day carryover.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Edgerton
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - X Bian
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - J C Doran
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - J D Fast
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - J M Hubbe
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - E L Malone
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - W J Shaw
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - C D Whiteman
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - S Zhong
- a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington , USA
| | - J L Arriaga
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - E Ortiz
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - M Ruiz
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - G Sosa
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - E Vega
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - T Limon
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - F Guzman
- b Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - J Archuleta
- c Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico , USA
| | - J E Bossert
- c Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico , USA
| | - S M Elliot
- c Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico , USA
| | - J T Lee
- c Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico , USA
| | - L A McNair
- c Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico , USA
| | - J C Chow
- d Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada , USA
| | - J G Watson
- d Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada , USA
| | - R L Coulter
- e Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , USA
| | - P V Doskey
- e Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , USA
| | - J S Gaffney
- e Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , USA
| | - N A Marley
- e Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois , USA
| | - W Neff
- f National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder , Colorado , USA
| | - R Petty
- g U.S. Department of Energy , Germantown , Maryland , USA
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Elliott S, Streit GE, Gaffney JS, Bossert JE, Brown M, Reisner J, McNair LA. Pathways for the oxidation of sarin in urban atmospheres. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 1999; 6:103-5. [PMID: 19009414 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/1998] [Accepted: 11/11/1998] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The nerve agent sarin has recently been deployed by terrorists in a major city. The molecule is volatile and made its way to many victims by passing as vapor through a highly reactive medium. Here we estimate rates and pathways for the removal of gas phase sarin from a generalized urban atmosphere. Only information from the open scientific literature is used. By structure reactivity comparisons with the organophosphorus pesticides, hydroxyl radical hydrogen abstraction may occur in as little as one hour. Decomposition of side chains after hydroxyl attack leads to organic oxygenates which preserve the phosphonofluoridate and so toxicity. The aqueous aerosol surface is contacted in minutes and offers access to a range of dissolved nucleophiles. Substitution displaces the fluoride leaving group, giving safe phosphoric acid analogs. Because of uncertainties in the electron distribution and in aqueous decay mechanisms, the time constants must be viewed as lower limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elliott
- Atmospheric Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.
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Nagler-Anderson C, McNair LA, Cradock A. Self-reactive, T cell receptor-gamma delta+, lymphocytes from the intestinal epithelium of weanling mice. J Immunol 1992; 149:2315-22. [PMID: 1382095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IEL) are dispersed throughout the intestinal epithelial lining but their role in cellular immune defense is unknown. Their location suggests that their highly activated state may be due to constant exposure to bacterial Ag. To study IEL specificity and function we have prepared a panel of IEL-T cell hybridomas from both adult and weanling C57B1/6 mice. Many of these expressed TCR-gamma delta, a cell type rare in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen but predominant at epithelial surfaces. We have identified a subset of gamma delta T cells from weanling mice which is self reactive, i.e., these hybrids secrete IL-2 spontaneously, without antigenic stimulation or a requirement for APC. Self-reactive TCR-gamma delta+ hybrids and lines, all of which bear a particular TCR (V gamma 1.1C gamma 4V delta 6), have previously been derived from neonatal thymus and the skin. Northern blot and immunoprecipitation analyses suggest that the self-reactive IEL hybrids also bear a C gamma 4/V delta 6 TCR. Antibody inhibition experiments showed that the self-reactivity of the IEL hybrids is TCR mediated. Spontaneous IL-2 production was blocked by soluble anti-CD3 and anti-TCR-gamma delta antibodies but not by antibodies to the TCR-alpha beta. The self-reactive IEL hybrids lack class II MHC and the class I-like proteins CD1 and TLA but express class I MHC. IEL hybrids may also require the vitronectin receptor as an accessory molecule for their activation because spontaneous IL-2 production is blocked by antibody to the vitronectin receptor as well as by the extracellular matrix protein active site peptide RGDS, but not the control peptide RGES. V gamma 1.1C gamma 4V delta 6 T cells in the thymus, skin, and intestine may represent a small and unique subpopulation of lymphocytes with a potential for autoimmune reactivity at peripheral sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Epithelium/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Precipitin Tests
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Vitronectin
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nagler-Anderson
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129
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Nagler-Anderson C, McNair LA, Cradock A. Self-reactive, T cell receptor-gamma delta+, lymphocytes from the intestinal epithelium of weanling mice. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.149.7.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IEL) are dispersed throughout the intestinal epithelial lining but their role in cellular immune defense is unknown. Their location suggests that their highly activated state may be due to constant exposure to bacterial Ag. To study IEL specificity and function we have prepared a panel of IEL-T cell hybridomas from both adult and weanling C57B1/6 mice. Many of these expressed TCR-gamma delta, a cell type rare in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen but predominant at epithelial surfaces. We have identified a subset of gamma delta T cells from weanling mice which is self reactive, i.e., these hybrids secrete IL-2 spontaneously, without antigenic stimulation or a requirement for APC. Self-reactive TCR-gamma delta+ hybrids and lines, all of which bear a particular TCR (V gamma 1.1C gamma 4V delta 6), have previously been derived from neonatal thymus and the skin. Northern blot and immunoprecipitation analyses suggest that the self-reactive IEL hybrids also bear a C gamma 4/V delta 6 TCR. Antibody inhibition experiments showed that the self-reactivity of the IEL hybrids is TCR mediated. Spontaneous IL-2 production was blocked by soluble anti-CD3 and anti-TCR-gamma delta antibodies but not by antibodies to the TCR-alpha beta. The self-reactive IEL hybrids lack class II MHC and the class I-like proteins CD1 and TLA but express class I MHC. IEL hybrids may also require the vitronectin receptor as an accessory molecule for their activation because spontaneous IL-2 production is blocked by antibody to the vitronectin receptor as well as by the extracellular matrix protein active site peptide RGDS, but not the control peptide RGES. V gamma 1.1C gamma 4V delta 6 T cells in the thymus, skin, and intestine may represent a small and unique subpopulation of lymphocytes with a potential for autoimmune reactivity at peripheral sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nagler-Anderson
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129
| | - L A McNair
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129
| | - A Cradock
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129
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