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Rodrigues P, Guimarães L, Carvalho AP, Oliva-Teles L. Carbamazepine, venlafaxine, tramadol, and their main metabolites: Toxicological effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae. J Hazard Mater 2023; 448:130909. [PMID: 36860067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites are found in natural and wastewater. However, investigation of their toxic effects on aquatic animals has been neglected, especially for metabolites. This work investigated the effects of the main metabolites of carbamazepine, venlafaxine and tramadol. Zebrafish embryos were exposed (0.1-100 µg/L) for 168hpf exposures to each metabolite (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol) or the parental compound. A concentration-response relationship was found for the effects of some embryonic malformations. Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, O-desmethylvenlafaxine and tramadol elicited the highest malformation rates. All compounds significantly decreased larvae responses on a sensorimotor assay compared to controls. Altered expression was found for most of the 32 tested genes. In particular, abcc1, abcc2, abcg2a, nrf2, pparg and raraa were found to be affected by all three drug groups. For each group, the modelled expression patterns showed differences in expression between parental compounds and metabolites. Potential biomarkers of exposure were identified for the venlafaxine and carbamazepine groups. These results are worrying, indicating that such contamination in aquatic systems may put natural populations at significant risk. Furthermore, metabolites represent a real risk that needs more scrutinising by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodrigues
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences - Biology Department, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Guimarães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences - Biology Department, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A P Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences - Biology Department, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Oliva-Teles
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences - Biology Department, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Rodrigues P, Cunha V, Oliva-Teles L, Ferreira M, Guimarães L. Norfluoxetine and venlafaxine in zebrafish larvae: Single and combined toxicity of two pharmaceutical products relevant for risk assessment. J Hazard Mater 2020; 400:123171. [PMID: 32593945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant metabolites are found in natural and waste waters. However, investigation of their toxic effects on aquatic animals, single or in mixture with other occurring psychoactive drugs, has been neglected. Here, effects of 80hpf exposure to norfluoxetine (0.64-400 ng/L), venlafaxine (16-10000 ng/L) or their combination (3.2 ng/L +2000 ng/L, respectively) were investigated in embryos and zebrafish larvae. Mortality, embryonic malformations, sensorymotor reflexes and the expression of 34 genes involved in the toxicants mode-of-action (MoA) and metabolism were evaluated (i.e. monoamine receptors and transporters, nuclear receptors, and detoxification transporters and enzymes). Compared to controls, norfluoxetine treatments only caused depigmentation of embryos and larvae. Venlafaxine-exposed larvae exhibited depigmentation and spinal deformities, impaired sensorymotor reflexes, alterations in the expression of genes belonging to the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways, as well as nuclear receptors related to lipid and drug metabolism. The mixture elicited distinct interaction effects, depending on the level of biological organisation analysed and the neurotransmitter pathways affected; synergism (lethality), no interaction (sensorymotor reflexes), antagonism and inverse agonism (gene expression). The results call for investigation of the toxicity of pharmaceutical metabolites single and in mixture, as well as their risk assessment in approaches accounting for possible interactions with other endocrine-disrupting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodrigues
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - V Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of The South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji
| | - L Guimarães
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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