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Bezamat M, Souza JF, Silva FMF, Corrêa EG, Fatturi AL, Brancher JA, Carvalho FM, Cavallari T, Bertolazo L, Machado-Souza C, Koruyucu M, Bayram M, Racic A, Harrison BM, Sweat YY, Letra A, Studen-Pavlovich D, Seymen F, Amendt B, Werneck RI, Costa MC, Modesto A, Vieira AR. Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241898. [PMID: 33406080 PMCID: PMC7787379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is an enamel condition characterized by lesions ranging in color from white to brown which present rapid caries progression, and mainly affects permanent first molars and incisors. These enamel defects usually occur when there are disturbances during the mineralization or maturation stage of amelogenesis. Both genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play roles in MIH’s development, but no conclusive risk factors have shown the source of the disease. During head and neck development, the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene is involved in the structure formation of the oral and maxillofacial regions, and the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) is an essential cell regulator, acting during proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. In this present study, it was hypothesized that these genes interact and contribute to predisposition of MIH. Environmental factors affecting children that were 3 years of age or older were also hypothesized to play a role in the disease etiology. Those factors included respiratory issues, malnutrition, food intolerance, infection of any sort and medication intake. A total of 1,065 salivary samples from four different cohorts were obtained, and DNA was extracted from each sample and genotyped for nine different single nucleotide polymorphisms. Association tests and logistic regression implemented in PLINK were used for analyses. A potential interaction between TGFA rs930655 with all markers tested in the cohort from Turkey was identified. These interactions were not identified in the remaining cohorts. Associations (p<0.05) between the use of medication after three years of age and MIH were also found, suggesting that conditions acquired at the age children start to socialize might contribute to the development of MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bezamat
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juliana F. Souza
- Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. F. Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilly G. Corrêa
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aluhe L. Fatturi
- Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - João A. Brancher
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Positivo University, Curitiba, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Flávia M. Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tayla Cavallari
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laís Bertolazo
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Graduate Program of Applied Biotechnology to Child and Adolescent Health, Pequeno Príncipe College, Curitiba, State of Pará, Brazil
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Bayram
- Department of Pedodontics, Medipol Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Racic
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Harrison
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Y. Sweat
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center and Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah Studen-Pavlovich
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Brad Amendt
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center and Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Renata I. Werneck
- Graduate Program of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. Costa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Modesto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandre R. Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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