Comparative study on alginate/chitosan microcapsules and Montanide ISA 61 as vaccine adjuvants in mice

Selection of adjuvant to be combined with the antigen is an extremely important point for formulating effective vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate reactogenicity, levels of IgM, IgG and subclasses (IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3), and protection elicited by vaccine formulations with association of chitosan coated alginate or Montanide ISA 61 with γ-irradiated Brucella ovis. The alginate/chitosan biopolymers as well as the Montanide ISA 61 emulsion elicited intense and long-lasting local response, especially when associated with the antigen. However, Montanide ISA 61 induced less intense reactogenicity when compared to alginate/chitosan. Furthermore, γ-irradiated B. ovis with Montanide ISA 61 induced higher levels of IgG2b an important marker of cellular immune response. In conclusion, Montanide ISA 61 resulted in milder reactogenicity when compared to the alginate/chitosan, while it induced a high IgG2b/IgG1 ratio compatible with a Th1 profile response.

Morphology of 'Crioula' guava seedlings under irrigation with increasing salinity water and nitrogen/potassium fertilization

Several studies have been conducted evaluating the management of fertilizers as strategies to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress, so the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of 'Crioula' guava seedlings under irrigation with water of different salinity levels and fertilized with combinations of nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was performed in a protected (screened) environment using a randomized block design and analyzed in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, with the plot formed by two plants. The treatments were formed from the combination of the factor electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1), with the factor combinations (C) of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K2O) doses, being C1 = 70% N + 50% K2O, C2 = 100% N + 75% K2O, C3= 130% N + 100% K2O and C4= 160% N + 125% K2O. The recommended dose of 100% N and K, respectively, was 541.1 mg N dm-3 soil and 798.6 mg K dm-3 soil. The combinations of N and K fertilization corresponding to 70% N + 50% K2O and 100% N + 75% K2O of the recommended doses promoted greater growth of 'Crioula' guava seedlings. Water with ECw of 2.1 dS m-1 promotes the formation of quality 'Crioula' guava seedlings.

Antigenic and molecular evidence of Brucella sp.-associated epididymo-orchitis in frugivorous (Artibeus lituratus) and nectarivorous (Glossophaga soricina) bats in Brazil

This study included 47 free-ranging bats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Six bats (12.8%) had genital inflammatory lesions, and two of them (one Artibeus lituratus and one Glossophaga soricina, a frugivorous and a nectarivorous, respectively) were diagnosed with Brucella sp. infection through PCR, and antigens in intralesional macrophages were detected using immunohistochemistry.

Antifungal activity of terpenes isolated from the Brazilian Caatinga: a review

Terpenoids, also named terpenes or isoprenoids, are a family of natural products found in all living organisms. Many plants produce terpenoids as secondary metabolites, and these make up a large part of essential oils. One of most important characteristic is that the compounds are volatile, have odor and can be used in a variety of applications in different industrial segments and traditional medicine. Brazil has a rich and diverse flora that can be used as a source of research for obtaining new molecules. Within the Brazilian flora, it is worth mentioning the Caatinga as an exclusively Brazilian biome where plants adapt to a specific series of weather conditions and therefore become a great storehouse of the terpenoid compounds to be described herein. Fungal infections have become increasingly common, and a great demand for new agents with low toxicity and side effects has thus emerged. Scientists must search for new molecules exhibiting antifungal activity to develop new drugs. This review aims to analyze scientific data from the principal published studies describing the use of terpenes and their biological applications as antifungals.

Physiology and production of sugar-apple under water stress and application of proline

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiology and production of sugar-apple as a function of irrigation intervals and foliar application of proline under the conditions of Paraíba's semi-arid region. A randomized block design was laid out in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with treatments resulting from the combination of four irrigation intervals (1, 4, 8 and 12 days) and two concentrations of proline (0 and 10 mM), with four replicates, and the plot consisted of four usable plants. Increase in irrigation intervals reduced the gas exchange of sugar-apple plants at 298 days after transplanting. Exogenous application of proline at concentration of 10 mM increased contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids and fruit fresh mass in plants grown under 12-day irrigation intervals.

Characterization of nonpathological intrascleral cartilage in the domestic sheep (Ovis aries)

ABSTRACT: Birds, cartilaginous and teleost fish, reptiles, and some amphibians have intrascleral cartilage and/or bone; however, these are rarely reported in therian mammals. This study aimed to investigate and characterize a nonpathological formation of cartilage in the posterior sclera of sheep macroscopically, histologically, and by immunohistochemical exam (IHC). Ninety eyes from 45 domestic sheep were collected, underwent gross examination, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin for the microscopical assessment. Sections with histological shreds of cartilage were selected to perform IHC to confirm the presence of cartilage. Intrascleral cartilage was detected in 60 eyeballs (66.66%) from 37 sheep (82.22%). A slight whitish thickening was grossly seen in the posterior sclera. The histologic exam revealed a few scattered, isolated chondrocytes to larger aggregates of cartilaginous islands in the posterior sclera. Eighteen (30%) of 60 eyeballs revealed marked anti-collagen type II immunolabeling. The development of cartilaginous structures in the eyes is considered rare in mammalian animals. The high occurrence of intrascleral cartilage in the examined sheep eyes suggests that this finding corresponds to an anatomical component of sheep sclera, despite the age, breed, or body condition.

Structure, optoelectronic properties and thermal stability of the triple organic cation GAxFAxMA1-2xPbI3 system prepared by mechanochemical synthesis

Halide perovskites are a well-known class of materials with many interesting applications. Great attention has been devoted to investigating halide perovskites containing triple methylammonium (MA⁺), formamidinium (FA⁺), and guanidinium (GA⁺) cations. Despite presenting very good applied perspectives so far, the lack of fundamental information for this system, such as its structural, thermal, and optoelectronic characteristics, prompts a step back before any technological leap forward. In the present work, we investigate the physical properties of mechanochemically solvent-free synthesized GA_xFA_xMA_1-2xPbI₃ halide perovskite powders with compositions of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.15. We demonstrate that the synthesis of the powders can be performed by a simple manual mechanical grinding of the precursors for about 40 minutes, leading to solid solutions with an only minor content of unreacted precursors. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the structure, tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition, and vibrational characteristics of the organic cations with increasing GA⁺ and FA⁺ contents, respectively. The band gap and Urbach energies, obtained from ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analyses, ranged from 1.58 to 1.65 eV and 23 to 36 meV, respectively, depending on the composition. These parameters demonstrate a non-random variation with x composition, which offers the possibility of a rational composition design for a given set of desired properties, demonstrating potential for optoelectronic applications. Finally, the system appears to have adequately tolerated heating for 12 hours at 120 °C in an ambient atmosphere, indicating high thermal stability and low ionic conductivity, which are desirable characteristics for solar cell applications.

Type I interferon receptors and interferon-τ-stimulated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes during early pregnancy in beef heifers

This study characterised the expression of interferon (IFN)-τ-stimulated genes (ISGs) and Type I IFN receptors in circulating polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) of beef heifers and compared it with expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) up to Day 20 of gestation. Nelore heifers (n=26) were subjected to fixed-time AI (FTAI) on Day 0. PMNs and PBMCs were isolated on Days 0, 10, 14, 16, 18 and 20 after FTAI. The abundance of target transcripts (ubiquitin-like protein (ISG15), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1), myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2), IFN receptor I (IFNAR1) and IFN receptor 2 (IFNAR2)) was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared between pregnant (n=8) and non-pregnant (n=9) females. In both PBMCs and PMNs, ISG15 and OAS1 expression was greater in pregnant than non-pregnant heifers on Days 18 and 20. There were no significant differences in the expression of ISGs between PBMCs and PMNs. A time effect on expression was found for IFNAR1 in PBMCs and IFNAR2 in PMNs, with decreased expression of both genes on Days 18 and 20. When the expression of these genes was compared between cell types only in pregnant heifers, IFNAR2 expression in PMNs had an earlier decrease when compared to its expression in PBMCs, starting from Day 18. In conclusion, PMNs do not respond earlier to the conceptus stimulus, and ISG15 and OAS1 expression in both PMNs and PBMCs can be used as a suitable marker for pregnancy diagnosis on Days 18 and 20. In addition, gestational status did not affect IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 expression, but IFNAR2 showed a distinct response between PMNs and PBMCs of pregnant heifers.

Entomopathogenic Viruses in the Neotropics: Current Status and Recently Discovered Species

The market for biological control of insect pests in the world and in Brazil has grown in recent years due to the unwanted ecological and human health impacts of chemical insecticides. Therefore, research on biological control agents for pest management has also increased. For instance, insect viruses have been used to protect crops and forests around the world for decades. Among insect viruses, the baculoviruses are the most studied and used viral biocontrol agent. More than 700 species of insects have been found to be naturally infected by baculoviruses, with 90% isolated from lepidopteran insects. In this review, some basic aspects of baculovirus infection in vivo and in vitro infection, gene content, viral replication will be discussed. Furthermore, we provide examples of the use of insect viruses for biological pest control and recently characterized baculoviruses in Brazil.

Estimates of repeatability coefficients and the number of the optimum measure to select superior genotypes in Annona muricata L

The aim of this study was to evaluate repeated measures over the years to estimate repeatability coefficient and the number of the optimum measure to select superior genotypes in Annona muricata L. The fruit production was evaluated over 16 years in 71 genotypes without an experimental design. The estimation of variance components and the prediction of the permanent phenotypic value were performed using REML/BLUP proceedings. The coefficient of determination, accuracy, and selective efficiency increased when measures increased. The coefficient of determination of 80% was reached beyond 8 crop seasons with high accuracy and selective efficiency. Thus, the evaluation of 8 crop seasons can be suitable to select superior genotypes in the A. muricata L. breeding program. Predicted selection gain had a high magnitude for fruit production indicating that it is possible to take a progressive genetic advance for this trait over cycle breeding.

Selecting sugarcane genotypes by the selection index reveals high gain for technological quality traits

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp) is one of the most promising crops and researchers have sought for renewable alternative energy sources to reduce CO₂ emission. The study of strategies, which allow breeders in the selection of superior genotypes for many traits simultaneously, is important. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to apply path analysis to better understand the relationship between the lignocellulosic traits and technological quality traits with total recoverable sugars (TRS) and ii) to use several multivariate selection indexes to predict the genetic gain and to select superior genotypes in the sugarcane breeding. A total of 40 sugarcane genotypes were evaluated in an experimental design using incomplete blocks with two replicates. The follow traits were evaluated: dry matter (DM), total soluble solids (BRIX), apparent sucrose content in the juice (POL), apparent sucrose content in sugarcane (POLS), fiber content (FIB), purity (PUR), TRS, lignin content (LC), cellulose content (CC), hemicellulose content (HC), and ash content (AC). These traits were analyzed by analysis of variance, phenotypic correlation network, path analysis, and selection index. The highest direct effect on TRS was obtained by POLS (0.337), POL (0.299), BRIX (0.227), and FIB (-0.146). The estimates of phenotypic correlation between these characters and TRS were in the same direction, which demonstrated a cause-and-effect relationship. The highest indirect effect was of POL via POLS (0.331) followed by POLS via POL (0.294). BRIX presented high indirect effects via POLS (0.266) and via POL (0.246). On the other hand, FIB presented negative indirect effects via POLS (-0.169) and POL (-0.103). In conclusion, path analysis and index selection are useful strategies to help breeders in the selection of superior genotypes in sugarcane.

Path analysis and canonical correlations for indirect selection of Jatropha genotypes with higher oil yield

Jatropha is a species with great potential for biodiesel production, and the knowledge on how the main agronomic traits are correlated will contribute to its improvement. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters of the traits: plant height at 12 and 40 months, canopy projection on the row at 12 and 40 months, canopy projection between the row at 12 and 40 months, number of branches at 40 months, grain yield, and oil yield; to verify the existence of phenotypic correlation between these traits; to verify the influence of the morphological traits on oil yield by means of path analysis; and to evaluate the relationship between the productive traits in Jatropha and the morphological traits measured at different ages. Sixty-seven half-sib families were evaluated using a completely randomized block design with two replications and five plants per plot. Analysis of variance was used to estimate the genetic value. Phenotypic correlations were given by the Pearson correlation between traits. For the canonical correlation analysis, two groups of traits were established: group I, consisting of traits of economic importance for the culture, and group II, consisting of morphological traits. Path analysis was carried out considering oil yield as the main dependent variable. Genetic variability was observed among Jatropha families. Productive traits can be indirectly selected via morphological traits due to the correlation between these two groups of traits. Therefore, canonical correlations and path analysis are two strategies that may be useful in Jatropha-breeding program when the objective is to select productive traits via morphological traits.

Multivariate diallel analysis allows multiple gains in segregating populations for agronomic traits in Jatropha

Jatropha is research target worldwide aimed at large-scale oil production for biodiesel and bio-kerosene. Its production potential is among 1200 and 1500 kg/ha of oil after the 4th year. This study aimed to estimate combining ability of Jatropha genotypes by multivariate diallel analysis to select parents and crosses that allow gains in important agronomic traits. We performed crosses in diallel complete genetic design (3 x 3) arranged in blocks with five replications and three plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, canopy projection between rows, canopy projection on the line, number of branches, mass of hundred grains, and grain yield. Data were submitted to univariate and multivariate diallel analysis. Genotypes 107 and 190 can be used in crosses for establishing a base population of Jatropha, since it has favorable alleles for increasing the mass of hundred grains and grain yield and reducing the plant height. The cross 190 x 107 is the most promising to perform the selection of superior genotypes for the simultaneous breeding of these traits.

Selection index using the graphical area applied to sugarcane breeding

This study aimed to develop a multivariate selection index based on the graphical area of a polygon formed by standardized values, also known as radar chart. This methodology may be used to assist selection of superior genotypes in sugarcane breeding programs. Seven technological traits in 37 sugarcane genotypes were evaluated. An area index (AI) was constructed and the resulting polygon areas were used to rank genotypes under selection. In this study, we propose the use of restricted maximum likelihood to estimate genetic parameters and mixed model equations to predict genotypic and breeding values. The area of each polygon was calculated for phenotypic, genotypic, and estimated breeding values. Thereby, the genotypes with larger area can be selected based on a detailed a posteriori evaluation of the radar charts. The proposed AI can be adjusted based on the breeders' specific interests, it is perfectly useful in other crops, and may also be applied to studies on genotype-environment interactions. Moreover, AI is a powerful tool that can evaluate trait stability of genotypes based on slight differences in the area formed by each genotype. Hence, this method is easy to apply and shows great potential for use in sugarcane breeding programs as well as in other breeding programs.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene diversity in a population naturally exposed to malaria in Porto Velho, Northern Brazil

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are expressed mainly in natural killer cells and specifically recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. The repertoire of KIR genes and KIR-HLA pairs is known to play a key role in the susceptibilities to and the outcomes of several diseases, including malaria. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of KIR genes, KIR genotypes and KIR-HLA pair combinations in a population naturally exposed to malaria from Brazilian Amazon. All 16 KIR genes investigated were present in the studied population. Overall, 46 KIR genotypes were defined. The two most common genotypes in the Porto Velho communities, genotypes 1 and 2, were present at similar frequencies as in the Americas. Principal component analysis based on the frequencies of the KIR genes placed the Porto Velho population closer to the Venezuela Mestizos, USA California hispanic and Brazil Paraná Mixed in terms of KIR gene frequencies. This analysis highlights the multi-ethnic profile of the Porto Velho population. Most of the individuals were found to have at least one inhibitory KIR-HLA pair. Seventy-five KIR-HLA pair combinations were identified. The KIR-2DL2/3_HLA-C1, KIR3DL1_HLA-Bw4 and KIR2DL1_HLA-C2 pairs were the most common. There was no association between KIR genes, KIR genotypes or KIR-HLA pair combinations and malaria susceptibility in the studied population. This is the first report on the distribution of KIR and known HLA ligands in the Porto Velho population. Taken together, these results should provide baseline information that will be relevant to population evolutionary history, malaria and other diseases studies in populations of the Brazilian Amazon.

Selection of sorghum hybrids grown under aluminum saturation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 165 hybrids derived from lines previously selected for aluminum (Al) tolerance. Nine check cultivars were used, eight commercial hybrids and one experimental hybrid. Hybrids were evaluated at three levels of Al saturation (0, 20 and 40% on average). The differences between the environments were significant. Environment with 0% Al saturation yielded 29.5% more than that with 40% Al saturation, showing the importance of genotype selection for acid soils. The best check cultivar was the hybrid DKB550. The hybrids AG1020 and AG1040 also performed well, where the latter was more tolerant but the former more responsive to environment improvement. The hybrid BRS304 was susceptible to high levels of Al saturation. The three commercial BRS hybrids (BRS310, BRS330 and BRS332) performed better than BRS304 at high Al saturation. The hybrid BRS330 was the best BRS hybrid to grow on a field with high Al saturation. The hybrid DKB559 performed well at high Al saturation but did not respond to environment improvement. The hybrids 727029, 727039, 729041, 729095, 729109, AG1040, and DKB550 were tolerant to higher levels of Al saturation and responsive to environment improvement, and showed good stability and adaptability at both low and high Al saturation.

Association of IgG immunoglobulin and subclasses level with the severity of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi and therapeutic response to itraconazole

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic, suppurative, granulomatous mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between IgG antibody levels and the severity of CBM and therapeutic response of patients to itraconazole. A longitudinal study was conducted in patients with CBM due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi and in healthy subjects with chromomycin skin test (CST)+. The dosage of anti-F. pedrosoi IgG antibody performed in 47 healthy individuals with CST+ showed positivity in 97.5 %, with an average titer of 2,109 [standard deviation (SD) + 3,676)] and a mean optical density (OD) of 1.174 (SD + 0.456), showing positive correlation with the induration area of the CST (mm(2)). The level of antibodies in 55 patients with CBM expressed in OD and titration showed that, before treatment, patients with severe disease had higher levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 when compared with moderate or mild disease (p < 0.05). According to the time of treatment, the mean antibody titers of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 were reduced after treatment (p < 0.05). In the assessment of therapeutic response, there was reduction of IgG3 and IgG titers in patients with rapid response (p < 0.05) and IgG2 on rapid and intermediate response (p < 0.05). There was clear evidence of what are the risk factors for exposure to F. pedrosoi in the daily lives of these subjects, with prospects of preventive measures for the target population. The immunological analysis shows that the antibody anti-F. pedrosoi did not exhibit a protective role against infection caused by this agent.

Pre-symptomatic transmission of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009: investigation of a family cluster, Brazil

We investigated the first cluster of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 reported in Brazil in May 2009. The index case-patient had travelled from the USA and had contact with 11 relatives before she presented with symptoms. We conducted face-to-face or telephone interviews with the index case-patient and all suspect cases. We found evidence of pre-symptomatic transmission of the virus to four of her contacts. This finding has public health implications because it indicates that viral transmission in communities may not be prevented solely by isolating symptomatic case-patients.

Effect of physical training on the adipose tissue of diet-induced obesity mice: interaction between reactive oxygen species and lipolysis

It is well known that high-fat diets (HFDs) induce obesity and result in an increase in oxidative stress in adipose tissue, which leads to an impairment of fat mobilization by a downregulation of the lipases, such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). On the other hand, exercise training leads to a reduction in adipose tissue and an improvement of antioxidant status and the lipolytic pathway. Our aim was to examine the influence of exercise and moderate intensity training on oxidative stress parameters and the relationship between the proteins involved in the lipolysis of animals subjected to a high-fat fed diet. Twenty-four mice were used and divided into 4 groups (n=6): standard diet (SD); standard diet plus exercise (SD+Ex); high-fat diet (HFD); and high-fat diet plus exercise (HFD+Ex). The animals received HFD for 90 days and submitted to a daily training protocol in swinging. The animals were euthanized 48 h after the last session of exercise. White adipose tissue epididymal fat was excised for the measurement of oxidative stress parameters and protein levels of lipolytic enzymes by Western blotting. The results show an increase in body weight after 90 days of HFD, and exercise training prevented great gain. In adipose tissue, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation increased after HFD and decreased significantly after exercise training. The protein level of CGI-58 was reduced, and FAS was increased in the HFD than in SD, whereas ATGL exhibited an increase (p<0.05) in HFD than in SD. The exercise plays a significant role in reducing oxidative damage, along with the regulation of proteins that are involved in the lipolysis of animals exposed to HFD.

Effect of eccentric training on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of rats

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of eccentric training on the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammation of skeletal muscle. Eighteen male mice (CF1) weighing 30-35 g were randomly divided into 3 groups (N = 6): untrained, trained eccentric running (16°; TER), and trained running (0°) (TR), and were submitted to an 8-week training program. TER increased muscle oxidative capacity (succinate dehydrogenase and complexes I and II) in a manner similar to TR, and TER did not decrease oxidative damage (xylenol and creatine phosphate) but increased antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase) similar to TR. Muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (myeloperoxidase) were not reduced by TER. In conclusion, we suggest that TER improves mitochondrial function but does not reduce oxidative stress, muscle damage, or inflammation induced by eccentric contractions.

Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide favors reinfection with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii strains

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide (Cy) on susceptibility of BALB/c mice subjected to challenge with recombinant strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Animals were prime infected with the D8 (recombinant I/III) or the ME49 (type II) non-virulent strains, weekly immunosuppressed with Cy and challenged with the CH3 or EGS virulent strains (I/III). Parasites recovered from surviving mice were submitted to PCR-RFLP analysis to confirm co-infection. Prime-infection with the D8 strain conferred more protection against challenge with the CH3 and EGS strains when compared with ME49 prime infection. Cy treatment caused significant leukopenia in the infected mice, what probably favors reinfection after challenge. Reinfection was associated with increased levels of IgA. Otherwise, Cy-treated mice presented significantly lower IgA levels after challenge, suggesting involvement of this immunoglobulin on protection against reinfection. In conclusion, BALB/c mice susceptibility to reinfection by T. gondii is related to genetic differences among the strains used for primary and challenge infections. Alteration of the host’s immune integrity by Cy probably compromises the protection previously established by primary infection.

Exercise training performed simultaneously to a high-fat diet reduces the degree of insulin resistance and improves adipoR1-2/APPL1 protein levels in mice

Background

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of concurrent exercise in the degree of the insulin resistance in mice fed with a high-fat diet, and assess adiponectin receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and endosomal adaptor protein APPL1 in different tissues.

Methods

Twenty-four mice were randomized into four groups (n = 6): chow standard diet and sedentary (C); chow standard diet and simultaneous exercise training (C-T); fed on a high-fat diet and sedentary (DIO); and fed on a high-fat diet and simultaneous exercise training (DIO-T). Simultaneously to starting high-fat diet feeding, the mice were submitted to a swimming exercise training protocol (2 x 30 minutes, with 5 minutes of interval/day), five days per week, for twelve weeks (90 days). Animals were then euthanized 48 hours after the last exercise training session, and adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue were extracted for an immunoblotting analysis.

Results

IR, IRs, and Akt phosphorylation decreased in the DIO group in the three analyzed tissues. In addition, the DIO group exhibited ADIPOR1 (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue), ADIPOR2 (liver), and APPL1 reduced when compared with the C group. However, it was reverted when exercise training was simultaneously performed. In parallel, ADIPOR1 and 2 and APPL1 protein levels significantly increase in exercised mice.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that exercise training performed concomitantly to a high-fat diet reduces the degree of insulin resistance and improves adipoR1-2/APPL1 protein levels in the hepatic, adipose, and skeletal muscle tissue.

Conceptus-mediated endometrial vascular changes during early pregnancy in mares: an anatomic, histomorphometric, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor system immunolocalization and gene expression study

This work examined how the conceptus modulates endometrial tissue remodeling and vascular development prior to implantation in mares. A macroscopic uterine examination was completed at day 21 of pregnancy.In situmorphology revealed that the endometrium involved in encroachment is restricted to the dorsal endometrium immediately overlying the yolk sac. The amount of stromal area occupied by blood vessels and the number of endometrial glands were increased during early pregnancy. Endometrial histomorphometry as well as the endometrial mRNA abundance and immunolocalization of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and Ki-67 was completed at days 14 and 21 of pregnancy, at day 10 of the estrous cycle, and during estrus. No obvious differences in VEGF and VEGFR1 protein localization were detected between pregnant and cycling mares but differential staining pattern for VEGFR2 and Ki-67 was observed. VEGFR2 localized to luminal and glandular epithelium of pregnant mares, while luminal epithelium was negative in cycling mares. Ki-67 staining was weak during the luteal phase but exhibited prominent luminal epithelium staining during estrus. In pregnant mares, all endometrial layers were Ki-67 positive. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a greater abundance ofVEGFmRNA during pregnancy.VEGFR2transcript abundance was greatest in pregnant mares on day 21. This study supports the concept that the conceptus plays an active role in directing vasculogenesis within the uterus and thereby establishing hemotrophic nutrition that supports pregnancy after implantation.

Decrease in oxidative stress and histological changes induced by physical exercise calibrated in rats with osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of impact exercise on the joint cartilage of rats with osteoarthritis (OA) induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA).

METHODS

Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups of six animals each: control, OA, and OA plus exercise (OAE). The OAE group trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Afterward, the right joints of the animals were washed with saline solution and joint lavage was used for biochemical analyses of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and total thiol content. The same limb provided samples of the articular capsule for analyses of MPO activity and total thiol content. The left joint was used for histological analysis.

RESULTS

Our results indicate that MPO activity was increased in both OA groups in the lavage as well as the articular capsule, regardless of exercise status. SOD activity was increased in animals with OA, especially in the animals that had run on the treadmill. On the other hand, thiol content in the articular capsule and joint lavage decreased in the OA group, while the OAE group had values similar to those of the control group. The histological data indicate that animals that were submitted to running exercise showed a higher preservation rate of proteoglycan content in the superficial and intermediate areas of the joint cartilage.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that physical training contributes to the preservation of joint cartilage in animals with OA and to increase the defense mechanism against oxidative stress.

Local effect of the conceptus on uterine vascular perfusion during early pregnancy in heifers

Colour-Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the spatial relationship between vascular perfusion in the middle of each uterine horn and the reported location of the embryo proper and expanding conceptus using endometrial vascularity scores 1–4 (nil–maximal). Vascularity increased in both uterine horns between days 14 and 18 (day 0=ovulation) in nonpregnant heifers (n=6) but not in pregnant heifers (n=11). The increase was temporally associated with decreasing plasma progesterone and increasing oestradiol. In pregnant heifers, a transient increase in endometrial vascularity in the ipsilateral horn (horn with embryo) was not detected before day 18, despite a reported transient increase in blood flow in the ipsilateral uterine artery between days 13 and 17. Endometrial vascularity in the ipsilateral horn first increased (P<0.05) between days 18 and 20. Day 20 is the reported day of adhesiveness between chorion and uterus. An increase (P<0.05) in the contralateral horn between days 18 and 22 was slight, but a greater increase occurred after day 32. Day 32 is the reported day of entry of the allantochorion into the contralateral horn. By day 42, scores were similar between the two horns, and the allantochorion reportedly fills both horns. On days 42–60, at a time when placentomes apparently are limited to the ipsilateral horn, vascularity remained elevated in the ipsilateral horn but decreased in the contralateral horn. Results support the hypothesis that vascular perfusion in each uterine horn during early pregnancy is mediated by direct contact between conceptus and uterus.

Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon Basin

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. Of the global supply of potable water, Brazil retains 13%, of which 75% resides in the Amazon Basin. Although hepatitis A morbidity has declined progressively in Brazil as a whole, it remains high in the Amazon region. We used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the Amazon Basin. Most samples tested positive (92%), with viral loads varying from 60 to 5500 copies /L, depending on sanitary conditions and the degree of flooding. Nested RT-PCR of the VP1-2A region detected HAV RNA in 23% of the samples. In low viral load samples, HAV was detected only with real-time RT-PCR, suggesting that this technique is useful for monitoring HAV contamination. The presence of HAV in water samples constitutes a serious public health problem.

Temporal Associations among Pulses of 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha, Luteal Blood Flow, and Luteolysis in Cattle1

Luteal blood flow was studied in heifers by transrectal color-Doppler ultrasound. Data were normalized to the decrease in plasma progesterone to <1 ng/ml (Day 0 or Hour 0). Blood flow in the corpus luteum (CL) was estimated by the percentage of CL area with color flow signals. Systemic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) treatment (25 mg; n=4) resulted in a transient increase in CL blood flow during the initial portion of the induced decrease in progesterone. Intrauterine treatment (1 or 2 mg) was done to preclude hypothetical secondary effects of systemic treatment. Heifers were grouped into responders (luteolysis; n=3) and nonresponders (n=5). Blood flow increased transiently in both groups; induction of increased blood flow did not assure the occurrence of luteolysis. A transient increase in CL blood flow was not detected in association with spontaneous luteolysis when examinations were done every 12 h (n=6) or 24 h (n=10). The role of PGF pulses was studied by examinations every hour during a 12-h window each day during expected spontaneous luteolysis. At least one pulse of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM) was identified in each of six heifers during the luteolytic period (Hours -48 to -1). Blood flow increased (P<0.02) during the 3-h ascending portion of the PGFM pulse, remained elevated for 2 h after the PGFM peak, and then decreased (P<0.03) to baseline. Results supported the hypothesis that CL blood flow increased and decreased with individual PGFM pulses during spontaneous luteolysis.

Conversion from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil followed by calcineurin inhibitor minimization or elimination in patients with chronic allograft dysfunction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the conversion from azathioprine (AZA) to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) followed by calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) elimination or minimization in patients with progressive chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD).

METHODS

Between November 6, 1999 and February 12, 2003, 169 patients receiving CNI/AZA/prednisone (153 CsA; 14 tacrolimus) were included in this study. Demographics, immunosuppression, graft function, hematology, and biochemistry were obtained before (-6, -3, and -1 month) and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after and at last follow-up visit after conversion.

RESULTS

Mean age was 34 +/- 12 years, 66% males, 51% Caucasian, and 72% living allograft recipients. Mean follow-up times before and after conversion were 32.4 and 19.4 months; 10 patients completed 3 years of follow-up. CNI elimination was performed in 39% and minimization in 61% of patients. Overall there was significantly improved graft function at 1 year after conversion (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs 2.1 +/- 0.6 mg/dL, P = .038). The slopes of the regression lines of 1/Cr vs time were significantly improved from preconversion to after conversion (-0.026 vs +0.007 mg(-1)/dL per day(-1), P = .001). There was a significant decrease in mean systolic (141 +/- 21 vs 135 +/- 22 mm Hg, P = .015) and diastolic (89 +/- 15 vs 84 +/- 14 mm Hg, P = .005) blood pressure values at 1 year. There were four episodes of acute rejection (Banff IA) treated with steroids. Three years after conversion, patient and graft survivals were 95% and 79%, respectively. One patient developed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease.

CONCLUSION

Among patients with CAD, conversion from AZA to MMF followed by CNI minimization or elimination was a safe and effective strategy to preserve or improve graft function.

An Early Endometrial Vascular Indicator of Completed Orientation of the Embryo and the Role of Dorsal Endometrial Encroachment in Mares1

The spherical equine embryonic vesicle is mobile throughout the uterine lumen for several days before becoming fixed in the caudal segment of a uterine horn on Day 16 (ovulation = Day 0). Orientation refers to the position of the embryo proper at the periphery of the vesicle relative to the position of the mesometrial attachment. In mares, the embryonic pole of the vesicle is antimesometrial after completion of orientation. Day of vesicle fixation, differential thickening of the endometrium near the mesometrial attachment, and orientation of the embryonic vesicle were studied in 30 ponies, using B-mode and color-Doppler transrectal ultrasonography. The thickness of the endometrium at the mesometrial aspect of the vesicle divided by the thickness at the antimesometrial aspect was termed the encroachment ratio. At the future site of fixation, the first increase (P < 0.05) in the encroachment ratio occurred between 4 and 1 days before fixation. An early vascular indicator of the future position of the embryo proper was discovered by color-Doppler imaging and consisted of a colored spot in the image of the endometrium close to the wall of the embryonic pole. The early indicator was detected in each mare 0.5 +/- 0.1 days after fixation and 2.5 +/- 0.2 days before first detection of the embryo proper. The position of the early indicator when first detected at the periphery of the embryonic vesicle was not significantly different from the position of the embryo proper when first detected. Results supported the hypothesis that differential thickening of the endometrium precedes orientation and indicated that orientation occurs immediately after fixation.

Impact of initial exposure to calcineurin inhibitors on kidney graft function of patients at high risk to develop delayed graft function

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the influence of full doses of calcineurin inhibitors [8-10 mg kg-1 day-1 cyclosporine (N = 80), or 0.2-0.3 mg kg-1 day-1 tacrolimus (N = 68)] administered from day 1 after transplantation on the transplant outcomes of a high-risk population. Induction therapy was used in 13% of the patients. Patients also received azathioprine (2 mg kg(-1) day(-1), N = 58) or mycophenolate mofetil (2 g/day, N = 90), and prednisone (0.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1), N = 148). Mean time on dialysis was 79 +/- 41 months, 12% of the cases were re-transplants, and 21% had panel reactive antibodies > 10%. In 43% of donors the cause of death was cerebrovascular disease and 27% showed creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL. The incidence of slow graft function (SGF) and delayed graft function (DGF) was 15 and 60%, respectively. Mean time to last dialysis and to nadir creatinine were 18 +/- 15 and 34 +/- 20 days, respectively. Mean creatinine at 1 year after transplantation was 1.48 +/- 0.50 mg/dL (DGF 1.68 +/- 0.65 vs SGF 1.67 +/- 0.66 vs immediate graft function (IGF) 1.41 +/- 0.40 mg/dL, P = 0.089). The incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection was 22% (DGF 31%, SGF 10%, IGF 8%). One-year patient and graft survival was 92.6 and 78.4%, respectively. The incidence of cytomegalovirus disease, post-transplant diabetes mellitus and malignancies was 28, 8.1, and 0%, respectively. Compared to previous studies, the use of initial full doses of calcineurin inhibitors without antibody induction in patients with SGF or DGF had no negative impact on patient and graft survival.

Voltammetric determination of all DNA nucleotides

The voltammetric oxidation of all deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) monophosphate nucleotides is investigated for the first time over a wide pH range by differential pulse voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. Experimental conditions such as the electrode size, supporting electrolyte composition, and pH were optimized to obtain the best peak potential separation and higher currents. This enabled the simultaneous voltammetric determination of all four DNA bases in equimolar mixtures and detection limits in the nanomolar range at physiological pH. It was also possible to detect for the first time the oxidation of each of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides free in solution or as monomers in single-stranded DNA.

Changes in vascular perfusion of the endometrium in association with changes in location of the embryonic vesicle in mares

The equine embryonic vesicle is mobile on Days 12-14 (Day 0 = ovulation), when it is approximately 9-15 mm in diameter. Movement from one uterine horn to another occurs, on average, approximately 0.5 times per hour. Mobility ceases (fixation) on Days 15-17. Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the relationship of embryo mobility (experiment 1) and fixation (experiment 2) to endometrial vascular perfusion. In experiment 1, mares were bred and examined daily from Day 1 to Day 16 and were assigned, retrospectively, to a group in which an embryo was detected (pregnant mares; n = 16) or not detected (n = 8) by Day 12. Endometrial vascularity (scored 1-4, for none to maximal, respectively) did not differ on Days 1-8 between groups or between the sides with and without the corpus luteum. Endometrial vascularity scores were higher (P < 0.05) on Days 12-16 in both horns of pregnant mares compared to mares with no embryo. In pregnant mares, the scores increased (P < 0.05) between Day 10 and Day 12 in the horn with the embryo and were higher (P < 0.05) than scores in the opposite horn on Days 12-15. In experiment 2, 14 pregnant mares were examined from Day 13 to 6 days after fixation. Endometrial vascularity scores and number of colored pixels per cross-section of endometrium were greater (P < 0.05) in the endometrium surrounding the fixed vesicle than in the middle portion of the horn of fixation. Results supported the hypothesis that transient changes in endometrial vascular perfusion accompany the embryonic vesicle as the vesicle changes location during embryo mobility.

Long-term kidney transplant outcomes in patients receiving oil-based or microemulsion formulations of cyclosporine

In the last 20 years long-term experience with cyclosporine use in kidney transplantation has increased, allowing a more precise identification of its benefits.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of 1619 kidney transplants that received cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy. Patients were divided into three groups (1) oil-based cyclosporine (SIM) with trough monitoring (GI, n=617); (2) microemulsion formulation (NEO) with trough monitoring (GII, n=962); and (3) NEO with C2 monitoring (GIII, n=40). Information was obtained on transplant demography; adjunctive immunosuppressive agent; living (LD) versus cadaveric (CAD) recipients; delayed graft function; any treated acute rejection; graft function at 3, 6, and 12 months, patient and graft survival, as well as causes of graft loss and death.

RESULTS

At 15 years follow-up, patient and graft survival were 67.5% and 41.6%, being superior, among LD versus CAD recipients (patient: 78.7% vs 57.7%, P<.001; graft: 56.4% vs 30.5%, P<.001). In LD (54% vs 32%, P<.001) and CAD (69% vs 55%, P<.001) NEO reduced the incidence of AR and improved 8-year patient (LD: 81.8% vs 94.7%; CAD: 66.4 vs 79.9%, P<.01) and graft survival (LD: 58.3 vs. 80%; CAD: 40.2% vs. 59.5%, P<.01), compared to SIM. Overall 8-year graft survival was inferior among patients with increased 1-year creatinine values (< or =1.5, 1.6-2.5 and >2.5 mg/dL) level (74% vs 63.9% vs 22.4%, P<.001) or change in Cr (< or =0.1, 0.2-0.4, >0.5 mg/dL) level (73.1% vs 61.9% vs 37.2%, P<.001). In patients at the same level of graft function, those receiving NEO showed superior 8-year patient and graft survival compared with SIM.

CONCLUSION

Compared to SIM, NEO reduced the incidence of acute rejection and produced superior long-term patient and graft survival.

An impedance study of the adsorption of nucleic acid bases at glassy carbon electrodes

Electrochemical impedance has been used to study the adsorption at glassy carbon electrodes of guanine, its corresponding nucleoside, guanosine, and adenine. Impedance studies at different concentrations and applied potentials show clearly that all three bases are adsorbed on the electrode, blocking the surface. Irradiating the electrode with low-frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound whilst recording the impedance spectra increased transport of molecules to the electrode surface with cavitation cleaning the surface and removing strongly adsorbed molecules of bases. In this way, sonoelectrochemical experiments enabled the electrode processes to be studied in the absence of adsorption.

[Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in a patient without immunosupression: case report]

The clinical manifestations of acquired toxoplasmosis in the immunocompetent patient rarely include localized neurological signs, which are frequent in the immunosuppressed patient (Aids). The objective of this paper is to report the case of a woman with Toxoplasma gondii brain abscess, without an identified cause of immunosuppression.

Evaluation of apical sealing of three endodontic sealers

AIM

The apical sealing ability of three different endodontic sealers was evaluated in extracted teeth using dye penetration.

METHODOLOGY

The root canals of 99 extracted human maxillary central incisors were prepared sequentially 2 mm beyond the apical foramen with a size 55 Nitiflex file. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups and obturated by lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha and one of the following sealers: group 1, zinc oxide and eugenol sealer (Fill Canal); group 2, glass ionomer sealer (Ketac-Endo) and group 3, epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus). The teeth were covered with nail varnish to within 1 mm of the apical foramen and immersed in 2% methylene blue in a reduced pressure environment for 24 h. After this period, the teeth were washed and cut longitudinally for apical leakage analysis. The values were obtained from the maximum depth of leakage as well as the average between the maximum and minimum values observed for each group.

RESULTS

Statistical evaluation of the results showed no significant difference in the leakage between Fill Canal and Ketac-Endo (P > 0.05). Leakage with AH Plus was significantly less (P < 0.01) than with the other sealers.

CONCLUSIONS

All three sealers allowed some leakage to occur. Leakage with AH Plus was significantly different than with Fill Canal or Ketac-Endo.

[Infectious and parasitic diseases in Brazil: a decade of transition]

Brazil has been undergoing a period of epidemiological and demographic transition, which has included an improvement in the quality of death certificate registrations and major changes in the patterns of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. This article outlines the changes in the mortality patterns that were observed in the country and in its states during the decade of the 1980s. We used data from the Ministry of Health Mortality Information System, classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Our analysis showed important changes in mortality patterns in Brazil. Mortality from infectious diseases decreased by 41% among men and by 44% among women. While these types of changes were especially noticeable in the states of the North and Northeast, these states still have the highest mortality rates in the country. The changes particularly affected the extreme limits of the age continuum, most especially children under 1 year of age. Within the group of infectious and parasitic diseases, we also assessed the mortality due to intestinal infectious diseases, tuberculosis, and septicemia. We found that in the 1980s there was a major decrease in the rates of mortality due to intestinal infectious diseases and to tuberculosis. However, there was an increase in the risk of death from septicemia during the decade. In conclusion, we find that the rate of mortality caused by infectious and parasitic diseases remains high in Brazil. Therefore, Brazilian health authorities still need to give priority attention to this cause of death.

Connective tissue responses to calcium hydroxide-based root canal medicaments

AIM

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tissue inflammatory response induced by calcium hydroxide pastes, with or without paramonochlorophenol and camphor.

METHODOLOGY

Isogenic BALB/c mice were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue with either 0.1 mL of a suspension of Calen, Calen with camphorated paramonochlorophenol, Calen with paramonochlorophenol, Calasept paste or phosphate-buffered saline (control). After 6, 12 and 24 h and 2, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days, three animals in each group were sacrificed and the excised lesions processed for histopathological evaluation of the inflammatory response. Events monitored and graded included the assessment of vascular congestion, oedema, haemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis and tissue repair.

RESULTS

The pastes induced an inflammatory response at every observation period, although the intensity, duration and extension of inflammation varied. Calen paste always produced an initial short-term inflammatory response whilst the other pastes produced extended reactions. All pastes allowed repair to take place by the end of the experimental period, although the speed of this process varied between the materials. Calen presented the best biocompatibility; the phenolic compound caused greater tissue response, which was even more severe in the absence of camphor. Calasept paste was damaging and the repair process slower.

CONCLUSIONS

All calcium hydroxide formulations caused an inflammatory response. The severity and longevity of the responses varied between pastes as a result of the various antiseptic agents. Although irritating, repair was apparent with all formulations.

In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (FCFRP-USP) used as a root canal irrigating solution in teeth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible chronic periapical reactions. Culture techniques and measurement of the inhibition zone were used. Twenty-two root canals of incisors and molars of 12 patients were used. After accessing the canal, the first root canal sample was collected with two sterile paper points that were transferred to a tube containing reduced transport fluid. The root canal was instrumented using chlorhexidine solution. A small sterile cotton pellet was placed at the root canal entrance, and the cavity was sealed with zinc oxide-eugenol cement. The canals were maintained empty for 48 h. Three sterile paper points were then introduced to absorb the root canal fluid (second sample). One paper point was placed on an agar plate inoculated with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 and incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C, and the other two were submitted to microbiological evaluation. Present in 10 cases at baseline, mutans streptococci was reduced by 100% at the second assessment. Treatment showed an efficiency of 77.78% for anaerobic microorganisms at the second assessment. These data suggest that chlorhexidine prevents microbial activity in vivo with residual effects in the root canal system up to 48 h.

Effect of different root canal sealers on periapical repair of teeth with chronic periradicular periodontitis

Teeth with induced chronic periradicular periodontitis in dogs were root canal treated. After the biomechanical preparation, using K files and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as the irrigant solution, all root canals were dressed with an antibacterial dressing based on calcium hydroxide, which was left in place for 7 days. After this time, the root canals were obturated with lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha with either a calcium hydroxide root canal filling material (Sealapex) or a zinc oxide-eugenol sealer (Fill Canal). After 270 days, histopathological analysis showed better apical and periapical repair in the teeth obturated with Sealapex (P < 0.05).

Determination of the p-monochlorophenol residue in the calcium hydroxide + P-monochlorophenol combination used as an intracanal dressing in pulpless teeth of dogs with induced chronic periapical lesion

To determine the presence of p-monochlorophenol in the calcium hydroxide (Calen) + p-monochlorophenol combination after its use as intracanal dressing, periapical lesions were induced in 60 root canals of upper and lower premolars of four dogs. After biomechanical preparation, the root canals received the intracanal medication, which was removed from the apical third after 2, 4, 7, and 14 days for chemical analysis by spectrophotometry. The results showed a p-monochlorophenol loss of approximately 50.0% in the dressing after 48 h, with no further significant loss after longer periods of times. p-Monochlorophenol was still present in the medication after 14 days.

Calcium hydroxide root canal sealers--histopathologic evaluation of apical and periapical repair after endodontic treatment

Eighty root canals of the premolars of 4 dogs, with vital pulp, were instrumented and filled during the same session with the Sealapex, CRCS, Sealer 26, and Apexit sealers. The animals were sacrificed 180 days after root canal filling and their maxillae and mandibles were removed and fixed in 10% formalin. After routine histologic processing, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory trichrome. Histopathologic analysis showed that Sealapex was the sealer that best permitted the deposition of mineralized tissue at the apical level and was the only sealer that provided complete sealing (37.5% of cases). With the use of Sealapex, no inflammatory infiltrate occurred and there was no reabsorption of mineralized tissues. In contrast, partial sealing and a moderate inflammatory infiltrate occurred with the use of CRCS. When Apexit and Sealer 26 were used the absence of sealing was frequent and active reabsorption of mineralized tissues occurred in most cases. The inflammatory infiltrate predominating with the use of Apexit was of the severe type, whereas with the use of Sealer 26 the inflammatory infiltrate was mild or absent.

[Diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography]

PURPOSE

To analyze the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography.

METHODS

We studied 304 consecutive patients using dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography who underwent coronary angiography within a month of the exam. Patients received high dobutamine doses associated or not with atropine.

RESULTS

The global sensitivity was 92%, specificity was 72% and diagnostic accuracy was 87%. Analyzing 120 patients with normal LV function, we found sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 79% and accuracy of 82%.

CONCLUSION

Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography is an accurate method for the detection of coronary artery disease.

[Cryopreservation of bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells using a controlled rate freezing system: experience with 86 procedures]

The cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells can be used for rescuing the hematopoiesis after high dose chemotherapy.

PURPOSE

The ice crystal formation during the freezing procedure is the key point that can be harmful to the cells. The cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells in a controlled-rate freezer could decrease the cell damage.

METHODS

Twenty-three patients with a median age of 26 years (range 03-57) had bone marrow and/or peripheral blood stem cells harvested from March 1993 through October 1994, ending up to 86 freezing procedures. The patient's diagnoses are as follows: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (n = 5); Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (n = 8); Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (n = 6); Hodgkin's disease (n = 3); Multiple Myeloma (n = 1). The cells were frozen away in a controlled-rate freezer chamber at the following rate: -1 degree C/min from room temperature to -45 degrees C and then, at -10 degrees C/min down to -80 degrees C. After freezing, the cells were kept into mechanical freezers until the marrow infusion. To mobilize PBSC (peripheral blood stem cells), G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) was given.

RESULTS

A median of 3.16 x 10(8) cells/kg (range 0.86-24.22) of PBSC and 2.03 x 10(8) cells/kg (0.19-12.21) of bone marrow cells were frozen. The median time to reach granulocytes greater than 500/microL and platelets greater than 20,000/microL was 12 days (range 8-40) and 31 days (range 8-80), respectively. All patients had marrow engraftment after infusion of hematopoietic stem cells.

CONCLUSION

The cryopreservation procedure using a controlled-rate freezer can store hematopoietic stem cells and potentially, cause less damage to the cells.

Inflammatory response to calcium hydroxide based root canal sealers

This study evaluated the inflammatory response to Sealapex, CRCS, Apexit, and Sealer 26 in the subcutaneous tissue and in peritoneal cavity of Balb/c mice. The inflammatory response of subcutaneous tissue was analyzed after 2, 4, 8, and 16 days. Intense neutrophilia was seen in response to all sealers during the initial periods. Differences among them related to the presence of necrosis and the number of inflammatory cells. In the intermediate phase marked differentiation of cells of the mononucleate phagocytic system into macrophages, epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells were observed with Sealapex. This response was less intense with CRCS and Apexit. Tissue necrosis was observed only at tissue sealer interfaces and only during the initial period with Sealapex but was seen throughout the experiment with all other sealers. The animals were injected in the peritoneal cavity with solutions containing the sealers and five mice from each group were killed 6 and 24 h, and 5 and 15 days later. During the initial periods (6 and 24 h) there was an intense migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity in response to all sealers compared to the control. This migration was more intense for Sealer 26 and Apexit. An increase in mononucleate cell number was observed after 6 and 24 h and 5 days for all sealers and no differences were observed in relation to the control after 15 days.

[Myocardial revascularization through small left anterior minithoracotomy]

PURPOSE

To analyze the results of myocardial revascularization through small left anterior thoracotomy utilizing the left thoracic internal artery (LTIA) to left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) without cardiopulmonary bypass, in order to simplify the operative procedure.

METHODS

From September/95 till August/96 we operated on 45 patients with lesions in LAD or LAD and diagonal arteries that were revascularized with an anastomoses of the LTIA to LAD or LAD and diagonal as composite grafts, through left anterior small thoracotomy. In the second postoperative day 43 out of 45 patients were restudied with arteriography and/or transthoracic echocardiography that showed excellent patency in 39 of them.

RESULTS

Six patients with obstruction or stenoses were reoperated through median sternotomy without complications. We did not observe flow through intercostal arteries in these restudies except in cases of obstructed anastomosis, showing that it is not necessary to ligate these branches. We observed too, excellent correlation between angiographic patterns and diastolic flows detected in the thoracic internal artery with transthoracic echocardiography.

CONCLUSION

These initial results suggest that this approach may be good to a subset of patients with lesions in LAD and/or diagonal arteries and if associated with complementary angioplasties of other coronary arteries may be the best choice of invasive treatment of coronary insufficiency in a near future.

Effect of fasting on insulin signaling in the aorta of intact rats

Insulin stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor, resulting in the phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). Previous studies have demonstrated a tissue-specific regulation of IRS-1. In the present study we investigated the levels and phosphorylation state of IRS-1 after insulin stimulation in the rat aorta in vivo, and the modulation of this protein after 72 h of fasting, using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with anti-insulin receptor, anti-IRS-1 and antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. We show that IRS-1 is present in rat aorta, and is tyrosine phosphorylated after insulin stimulation. After insulin stimulation, rats fasted for 72 h showed an increase in insulin receptor (100 +/- 45%, P < 0.05) and IRS-1 phosphorylation (68 +/- 24%, P < 0.05) in aorta, compared to fed rats. There was no change in insulin receptor of IRS-1 protein levels in fasted rats. In summary, the present study demonstrated that proteins involved in the early steps of insulin signal transduction are present in the rat aorta and can be modulated by fasting. It will be of interest to study the regulation of these proteins in the aorta of animal models of hypertension and/or atherosclerosis.

Anaerobic microorganisms in root canals of human teeth with chronic apical periodontitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence

Aiming to assess the presence of selected anaerobic microorganisms in root canals of human teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. 25 central and lateral upper incisors presenting with radiographic evidence of chronic apical periodontitis were studied. The pulp chamber was opened under aseptic conditions and samples of the root canal content were collected with sterile absorbent paper points, which were placed and dispersed in test tubes containing reduced transport medium RTT. Aliquots were dried on glass slides and stained by indirect immunofluorescence for detection of Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. The results showed a positive indirect immunofluorescence reaction in 24 of the 25 samples. Fourteen were positive for the specie Actinomyces viscosus, 12 for Prevotella intermedia, 10 for Fusobacterium nucleatum and 4 for Porphyromonas gingivalis. A semiquantitative assay was easily implemented for assessment of degree of infection by the organisms in individual cases.