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Suess E, Berg M, Bouchet S, Cayo L, Hug SJ, Kaegi R, Voegelin A, Winkel LHE, Tessier E, Amouroux D, Buser AM. Mercury loads and fluxes from wastewater: A nationwide survey in Switzerland. Water Res 2020; 175:115708. [PMID: 32220669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution threatens ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a key role in limiting Hg discharges from wastewaters to rivers and lakes, but large-scale studies to estimate Hg loads and discharge at national levels are scarce. We assessed the concentration, flux, speciation, and removal of Hg in municipal wastewater throughout Switzerland by investigating 64 WWTPs in a pre-study and a subset of 28 WWTPs in the main study. We also studied the behavior and pathways of Hg along the various treatment steps in a state-of-the-art WWTP. The resulting dataset, representative of industrialized countries, provides an overview of (i) current Hg concentration ranges, (ii) average per capita loads, and (iii) wastewater Hg inputs into surface waters. The results allowed estimation of a total Hg (THg) load in Swiss wastewater of 130 ± 30 kg THg/year (15.7 mg/capita/y), of which 96 ± 4% is retained in sewage sludge. About 4.7 ± 0.5 kg THg/year (0.57 mg/capita/y) is discharged with the treated wastewater into surface waters. This corresponds to only 1.5-3% of the THg load carried by the major Swiss rivers, indicating that >95% of riverine Hg originates from other sources. Extrapolation to the population of Europe would yield a total amount of 11,700 kg THg/year in raw wastewater, with some 480 kg THg/year discharged to surface waters. Monomethyl mercury on average accounted for 0.23% of THg, and its fraction remained constant along the different treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Suess
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Cayo
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J Hug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Tessier
- CNRS / Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, E2S/UPPA, MIRA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Pau, France
| | - David Amouroux
- CNRS / Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, E2S/UPPA, MIRA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Pau, France
| | - Andreas M Buser
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
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Quezada M, Cayo L, Carrasco L, Islas A, Lecocq C, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sierra MA. Characterization of lesions caused by a South American virulent isolate ('Quillota') of the hog cholera virus. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2000; 47:411-22. [PMID: 11014061 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, macroscopic and histopathological lesions produced by a virulent South American isolate ('Quillota') of hog cholera virus were studied. The virus was inoculated in doses of 10(5)TCID50 in each of 35 pigs of 20 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered from 4 to 18 days post-inoculation. The presence of virus antigens in lymphatic tissue was confirmed by both direct immunofluorescence and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase techniques in formalin-embedded tissue samples. Histological sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin methods. The 'Quillota' isolate used in this study caused a disease characterized by vascular lesions (splenic infarcts, haemorrhages in the lymph nodes and the urinary system and disseminated microthrombosis), and necrosis of lymphocytes, particularly in the B-areas of the lymphoid organs, lesions that are characteristic of the acute form of the disease. Other lesions observed were a non-purulent meningoencephalitis, the necrosis of the epithelial cells of tonsils, the presence of fibrin nets in the red pulp and a marked thickening of the alveolar septa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quezada
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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