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Bazzicalupo AL, Ruytinx J, Ke Y, Coninx L, Colpaert JV, Nguyen NH, Vilgalys R, Branco S. Fungal heavy metal adaptation through single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy‐number variation. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4157-4169. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Bazzicalupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Montana State University Bozeman MT USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Group of Microbiology Department of Bioengineering Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Yi‐Hong Ke
- Biology Department Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - Laura Coninx
- Biology Department Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jan V. Colpaert
- Biology Department Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu HI USA
| | | | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver CO USA
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Abstract
This study characterizes the prevalence of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among hospital staff of a Belgian tertiary care center tested over 1 week in April 2020, and risk factors for seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els Oris
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Line Heylen
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
- Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Ruytinx J, Kafle A, Usman M, Coninx L, Zimmermann SD, Garcia K. Micronutrient transport in mycorrhizal symbiosis; zinc steals the show. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coninx L, Smisdom N, Kohler A, Arnauts N, Ameloot M, Rineau F, Colpaert JV, Ruytinx J. SlZRT2 Encodes a ZIP Family Zn Transporter With Dual Localization in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Suillus luteus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2251. [PMID: 31681189 PMCID: PMC6797856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important root symbionts of trees, as they can have significant effects on the nutrient status of plants. In polluted environments, particular ECM fungi can protect their host tree from Zn toxicity by restricting the transfer of Zn while securing supply of essential nutrients. However, mechanisms and regulation of cellular Zn homeostasis in ECM fungi are largely unknown, and it remains unclear how ECM fungi affect the Zn status of their host plants. This study focuses on the characterization of a ZIP (Zrt/IrtT-like protein) transporter, SlZRT2, in the ECM fungus Suillus luteus, a common root symbiont of young pine trees. SlZRT2 is predicted to encode a plasma membrane-located Zn importer. Heterologous expression of SlZRT2 in yeast mutants with impaired Zn uptake resulted in a minor impact on cellular Zn accumulation and growth. The SlZRT2 gene product showed a dual localization and was detected at the plasma membrane and perinuclear region. S. luteus ZIP-family Zn uptake transporters did not show the potential to induce trehalase activity in yeast and to function as Zn sensors. In response to excess environmental Zn, gene expression analysis demonstrated a rapid but minor and transient decrease in SlZRT2 transcript level. In ECM root tips, the gene is upregulated. Whether this regulation is due to limited Zn availability at the fungal-plant interface or to developmental processes is unclear. Altogether, our results suggest a function for SlZRT2 in cellular Zn redistribution from the ER next to a putative role in Zn uptake in S. luteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Coninx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Laboratoire d’Excellence ARBRE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
| | - Natascha Arnauts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - François Rineau
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan V. Colpaert
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Coninx L, Thoonen A, Slenders E, Morin E, Arnauts N, Op De Beeck M, Kohler A, Ruytinx J, Colpaert JV. The SlZRT1 Gene Encodes a Plasma Membrane-Located ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-Like Protein) Transporter in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Suillus luteus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2320. [PMID: 29234311 PMCID: PMC5712335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient but may become toxic when present in excess. In Zn-contaminated environments, trees can be protected from Zn toxicity by their root-associated micro-organisms, in particular ectomycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms of cellular Zn homeostasis in ectomycorrhizal fungi and their contribution to the host tree's Zn status are however not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize transporters involved in Zn uptake in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus, a cosmopolitan pine mycobiont. Zn uptake in fungi is known to be predominantly governed by members of the ZIP (Zrt/IrtT-like protein) family of Zn transporters. Four ZIP transporter encoding genes were identified in the S. luteus genome. By in silico and phylogenetic analysis, one of these proteins, SlZRT1, was predicted to be a plasma membrane located Zn importer. Heterologous expression in yeast confirmed the predicted function and localization of the protein. A gene expression analysis via RT-qPCR was performed in S. luteus to establish whether SlZRT1 expression is affected by external Zn concentrations. SlZRT1 transcripts accumulated almost immediately, though transiently upon growth in the absence of Zn. Exposure to elevated concentrations of Zn resulted in a significant reduction of SlZRT1 transcripts within the first hour after initiation of the exposure. Altogether, the data support a role as cellular Zn importer for SlZRT1 and indicate a key role in cellular Zn uptake of S. luteus. Further research is needed to understand the eventual contribution of SlZRT1 to the Zn status of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Coninx
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Thoonen
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eli Slenders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire d’Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136, Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
| | - Natascha Arnauts
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michiel Op De Beeck
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire d’Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136, Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jan V. Colpaert
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Ruytinx J, Coninx L, Nguyen H, Smisdom N, Morin E, Kohler A, Cuypers A, Colpaert JV. Identification, evolution and functional characterization of two Zn CDF-family transporters of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus. Environ Microbiol Rep 2017; 9:419-427. [PMID: 28557335 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two genes, SlZnT1 and SlZnT2, encoding Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) family transporters were isolated from Suillus luteus mycelium by genome walking. Both gene models are very similar and phylogenetic analysis indicates that they are most likely the result of a recent gene duplication event. Comparative sequence analysis of the deduced proteins predicts them to be Zn transporters. This function was confirmed by functional analysis in yeast for SlZnT1. SlZnT1 was able to restore growth of the highly Zn sensitive yeast mutant Δzrc1 and localized to the vacuolar membrane. Transformation of Δzrc1 yeast cells with SlZnT1 resulted in an increased accumulation of Zn compared to empty vector transformed Δzrc1 yeast cells and equals Zn accumulation in wild type yeast cells. We were not able to express functional SlZnT2 in yeast. In S. luteus, both SlZnT genes are constitutively expressed whatever the external Zn concentrations. A labile Zn pool was detected in the vacuoles of S. luteus free-living mycelium. Therefore we conclude that SlZnT1 is indispensable for maintenance of Zn homeostasis by transporting excess Zn into the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Ruytinx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Laura Coninx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Hoai Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Jan V Colpaert
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
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Rineau F, Lmalem H, Ahren D, Shah F, Johansson T, Coninx L, Ruytinx J, Nguyen H, Grigoriev I, Kuo A, Kohler A, Morin E, Vangronsveld J, Martin F, Colpaert JV. Comparative genomics and expression levels of hydrophobins from eight mycorrhizal genomes. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:383-396. [PMID: 28066872 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins that are present as several gene copies in most fungal genomes. Their properties are now well understood: they are amphiphilic and assemble at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces. However, their physiological functions remain largely unexplored, especially within mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we identified hydrophobin genes and analysed their distribution in eight mycorrhizal genomes. We then measured their expression levels in three different biological conditions (mycorrhizal tissue vs. free-living mycelium, organic vs. mineral growth medium and aerial vs. submerged growth). Results confirmed that the size of the hydrophobin repertoire increased in the terminal orders of the fungal evolutionary tree. Reconciliation analysis predicted that in 41% of the cases, hydrophobins evolved from duplication events. Whatever the treatment and the fungal species, the pattern of expression of hydrophobins followed a reciprocal function, with one gene much more expressed than others from the same repertoire. These most-expressed hydrophobin genes were also among the most expressed of the whole genome, which suggests that they play a role as structural proteins. The fine-tuning of the expression of hydrophobin genes in each condition appeared complex because it differed considerably between species, in a way that could not be explained by simple ecological traits. Hydrophobin gene regulation in mycorrhizal tissue as compared with free-living mycelium, however, was significantly associated with a calculated high exposure of hydrophilic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rineau
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - H Lmalem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - D Ahren
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, SE, Sweden
| | - F Shah
- Department of food and environmental sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Johansson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, SE, Sweden
| | - L Coninx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J Ruytinx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - H Nguyen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - I Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - A Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - A Kohler
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - E Morin
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - J Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - F Martin
- Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - J V Colpaert
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology group, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
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