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Devailly G, Fève K, Saci S, Sarry J, Valière S, Lluch J, Bouchez O, Ravon L, Billon Y, Gilbert H, Riquet J, Beaumont M, Demars J. Divergent selection for feed efficiency in pigs altered the duodenum transcriptomic response to feed intake and its DNA methylation profiles. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:397-408. [PMID: 38497119 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00123.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency is a trait of interest in pigs as it contributes to lowering the ecological and economical costs of pig production. A divergent genetic selection experiment from a Large White pig population was performed for 10 generations, leading to pig lines with relatively low- (LRFI) and high- (HRFI) residual feed intake (RFI). Feeding behavior and metabolic differences have been previously reported between the two lines. We hypothesized that part of these differences could be related to differential sensing and absorption of nutrients in the proximal intestine. We investigated the duodenum transcriptome and DNA methylation profiles comparing overnight fasting with ad libitum feeding in LRFI and HRFI pigs (n = 24). We identified 1,106 differentially expressed genes between the two lines, notably affecting pathways of the transmembrane transport activity and related to mitosis or chromosome separation. The LRFI line showed a greater transcriptomic response to feed intake than the HRFI line. Feed intake affected genes from both anabolic and catabolic pathways in the pig duodenum, such as rRNA production and autophagy. Several nutrient transporter and tight junction genes were differentially expressed between lines and/or by short-term feed intake. We also identified 409 differentially methylated regions in the duodenum mucosa between the two lines, while this epigenetic mark was less affected by feeding. Our findings highlighted that the genetic selection for feed efficiency in pigs changed the transcriptome profiles of the duodenum, and notably its response to feed intake, suggesting key roles for this proximal gut segment in mechanisms underlying feed efficiency.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The duodenum is a key organ for the hunger/satiety loop and nutrient sensing. We investigated how the duodenum transcriptome and DNA methylation profiles are affected by feed intakes in pigs. We observed thousands of changes in gene expression levels between overnight-fasted and fed pigs in high-feed efficiency pig lines, but almost none in the related low-feed efficiency pig line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Fève
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Safia Saci
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Sarry
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Valière
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Lluch
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laure Ravon
- Pig Phenotyping and Innovative Breeding Facility, GenESI, UE1372, INRAE, Surgères, France
| | - Yvon Billon
- Pig Phenotyping and Innovative Breeding Facility, GenESI, UE1372, INRAE, Surgères, France
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Demars
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
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Bonnet A, Bluy L, Gress L, Canario L, Ravon L, Sécula A, Billon Y, Liaubet L. Sex and fetal genome influence gene expression in pig endometrium at the end of gestation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:303. [PMID: 38515025 PMCID: PMC10958934 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fine balance of feto-maternal resource allocation is required to support pregnancy, which depends on interactions between maternal and fetal genetic potential, maternal nutrition and environment, endometrial and placental functions. In particular, some imprinted genes have a role in regulating maternal-fetal nutrient exchange, but few have been documented in the endometrium. The aim of this study is to describe the expression of 42 genes, with parental expression, in the endometrium comparing two extreme breeds: Large White (LW); Meishan (MS) with contrasting neonatal mortality and maturity at two days of gestation (D90-D110). We investigated their potential contribution to fetal maturation exploring genes-fetal phenotypes relationships. Last, we hypothesized that the fetal genome and sex influence their endometrial expression. For this purpose, pure and reciprocally crossbred fetuses were produced using LW and MS breeds. Thus, in the same uterus, endometrial samples were associated with its purebred or crossbred fetuses. RESULTS Among the 22 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 14 DEGs were differentially regulated between the two days of gestation. More gestational changes were described in LW (11 DEGs) than in MS (2 DEGs). Nine DEGs were differentially regulated between the two extreme breeds, highlighting differences in the regulation of endometrial angiogenesis, nutrient transport and energy metabolism. We identified DEGs that showed high correlations with indicators of fetal maturation, such as ponderal index at D90 and fetal blood fructose level and placental weight at D110. We pointed out for the first time the influence of fetal sex and genome on endometrial expression at D90, highlighting AMPD3, CITED1 and H19 genes. We demonstrated that fetal sex affects the expression of five imprinted genes in LW endometrium. Fetal genome influenced the expression of four genes in LW endometrium but not in MS endometrium. Interestingly, both fetal sex and fetal genome interact to influence endometrial gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for some sexual dimorphism in the pregnant endometrium and for the contribution of the fetal genome to feto-maternal interactions at the end of gestation. They suggest that the paternal genome may contribute significantly to piglet survival, especially in crossbreeding production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bonnet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Lisa Bluy
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laure Gress
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laurianne Canario
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laure Ravon
- GenESI, INRAE, Le Magneraud, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Aurelie Sécula
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Present Address: IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Yvon Billon
- GenESI, INRAE, Le Magneraud, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Laurence Liaubet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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Collet JM, Bonnefous C, Germain K, Ravon L, Calandreau L, Guesdon V, Collin A, Le Bihan-Duval E, Mignon-Grasteau S. High-throughput phenotyping to characterise range use behaviour in broiler chickens. Animal 2024; 18:101099. [PMID: 38377811 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of free-range chicken farming is to enable chickens to spend time outdoors. However, each chicken may use the available areas for roaming in variable ways. To check if, and how, broilers use their outdoor range at an individual level, we need to reliably characterise range use behaviour. Traditional methods relying on visual scans require significant time investment and only provide discontinuous information. Passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) systems enable tracking individually tagged chickens' when they go through pop-holes; hence, they only provide partial information on the movements of individual chickens. Here, we describe a new method to measure chickens' range use and test its reliability on three ranges each containing a different breed. We used an active RFID system to localise chickens in their barn, or in one of nine zones of their range, every 30 seconds and assessed range-use behaviour in 600 chickens belonging to three breeds of slow- or medium-growing broilers used for outdoor production (all <40 g daily weight gain). From those real-time locations, we determined five measures to describe daily range use: time spent in the barn, number of outdoor accesses, number of zones visited in a day, gregariousness (an index that increases when birds spend time in zones where other birds are), and numbers of zone changes. Principal Component Analyses (PCAs) were performed on those measures, in each production system, to create two synthetic indicators of chickens' range use behaviour. The first two PCA axes represented over 90% of the variance of the five measures and were both consistent over time and correlated with independent visual scans. Contributions of the five measures to the PCAs were similar among breeds, except for the correlation between the number of outdoor accesses and the four other measures. PC1 correlated with time spent inside the barn and zone changes frequency, whilst PC2 was explained by exploration of the range. Taken together, PC1 and PC2 indicators showed that range use increased with age, outdoor temperature (in spring), and did not differ between males and females. Importantly, daily scores for both indicators were repeatable among individuals - particularly in PC1 - showing inter-individual variability on range-use. The characterisation of broiler behaviour around their range with these reliable and repeatable indicators provides novel tools to help understand individual variations of range-use in free-range farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Collet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | - Karine Germain
- INRAE, UE EASM, Le Magneraud, CS 40052, 17700 Surgères, France
| | - Laure Ravon
- INRAE, UE EASM, Le Magneraud, CS 40052, 17700 Surgères, France
| | | | - Vanessa Guesdon
- Junia, Comportement Animal et Systèmes d'Elevage, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Collin
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Bonnefous C, Calandreau L, Le Bihan-Duval E, Ferreira VHB, Barbin A, Collin A, Reverchon M, Germain K, Ravon L, Kruger N, Mignon-Grasteau S, Guesdon V. Behavioural indicators of range use in four broiler strains. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Borey M, Blanc F, Lemonnier G, Leplat JJ, Jardet D, Rossignol MN, Ravon L, Billon Y, Bernard M, Estellé J, Rogel-Gaillard C. Links between fecal microbiota and the response to vaccination against influenza A virus in pigs. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:92. [PMID: 34294732 PMCID: PMC8298503 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the associations between fecal microbiota and vaccine response variability in pigs, using 98 piglets vaccinated against the influenza A virus at 28 days of age (D28) with a booster at D49. Immune response to the vaccine is measured at D49, D56, D63, and D146 by serum levels of IAV-specific IgG and assays of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Analysis of the pre-vaccination microbiota characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA reveals a higher vaccine response in piglets with a richer microbiota, and shows that 23 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are differentially abundant between high and low IAV-specific IgG producers at D63. A stronger immune response is linked with OTUs assigned to the genus Prevotella and family Muribaculaceae, and a weaker response is linked with OTUs assigned to the genera Helicobacter and Escherichia-Shigella. A set of 81 OTUs accurately predicts IAV-specific IgG and HAI titer levels at all time points, highlighting early and late associations between pre-vaccination fecal microbiota composition and immune response to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Borey
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Fany Blanc
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëtan Lemonnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Deborah Jardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Maria Bernard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Blanc F, Maroilley T, Revilla M, Lemonnier G, Leplat JJ, Billon Y, Ravon L, Bouchez O, Bidanel JP, Bed'Hom B, Pinard-van der Laan MH, Estellé J, Rogel-Gaillard C. Influence of genetics and the pre-vaccination blood transcriptome on the variability of antibody levels after vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:24. [PMID: 33731010 PMCID: PMC7972226 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of individual genetic and genomic variations on immune responses is an emerging lever investigated in vaccination strategies. In our study, we used genetic and pre-vaccination blood transcriptomic data to study vaccine effectiveness in pigs. Results A cohort of 182 Large White pigs was vaccinated against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) at weaning (28 days of age), with a booster 21 days later. Vaccine response was assessed by measuring seric M. hyo antibodies (Ab) at 0 (vaccination day), 21 (booster day), 28, 35, and 118 days post-vaccination (dpv). Inter-individual variability of M. hyo Ab levels was observed at all time points and the corresponding heritabilities ranged from 0.46 to 0.57. Ab persistence was higher in females than in males. Genome-wide association studies with a 658 K SNP panel revealed two genomic regions associated with variations of M. hyo Ab levels at 21 dpv at positions where immunity-related genes have been mapped, DAB2IP on chromosome 1, and ASAP1, CYRIB and GSDMC on chromosome 4. We studied covariations of Ab responses with the pre-vaccination blood transcriptome obtained by RNA-Seq for a subset of 82 pigs. Weighted gene correlation network and differential expression analyses between pigs that differed in Ab responses highlighted biological functions that were enriched in heme biosynthesis and platelet activation for low response at 21 dpv, innate antiviral immunity and dendritic cells for high response at 28 and 35 dpv, and cell adhesion and extracellular matrix for high response at 118 dpv. Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis identified 101 genes that efficiently predicted divergent responders at all time points. We found weak negative correlations of M. hyo Ab levels with body weight traits, which revealed a trade-off that needs to be further explored. Conclusions We confirmed the influence of the host genetics on vaccine effectiveness to M. hyo and provided evidence that the pre-vaccination blood transcriptome co-varies with the Ab response. Our results highlight that both genetic markers and blood biomarkers could be used as potential predictors of vaccine response levels and more studies are required to assess whether they can be exploited in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Blanc
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Tatiana Maroilley
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Manuel Revilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëtan Lemonnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Bidanel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed'Hom
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jordi Estellé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Schmitt O, Reigner S, Bailly J, Ravon L, Billon Y, Gress L, Bluy L, Canario L, Gilbert H, Bonnet A, Liaubet L. Thermoregulation at birth differs between piglets from two genetic lines divergent for residual feed intake. Animal 2021; 15:100069. [PMID: 33516012 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation is essential to piglets' neonatal survival. This study used infrared thermography (IRT) to assess thermoregulation abilities of piglets from two lines divergent for residual feed intake (RFI). At birth, morphology (weight, length, width and circumference), vigour (respiration, mobility and vocalisation), and rectal temperature were recorded from piglets of the 11th generation of the low RFI (LRFI, more efficient; n = 34) and the high RFI (HRFI, less efficient; n = 28) lines. Infrared thermography images were taken at 8, 15, 30 and 60 min post partum. Temperatures of the ear base and tip, and of the back (i.e. shoulders to rumps) were extracted (Thermacam Researcher Pro 2.0) and analysed with linear mixed models (SAS 9.4). Piglets had different average hourly weight gain (HRFI = 7.1 ± 1.3 g/h, LRFI = 3.6 ± 1.3 g/h; P < 0,001) but did not differ in morphology or vigour. All temperatures increased overtime. At birth, piglets' rectal temperature was correlated with the initial temperature of the ear base and the maximum back temperature (0.37 and 0.33, respectively; P < 0.05). High residual feed intake piglets had lower ear tip temperatures than LRFI piglets at 15 (24.7 ± 0.37 °C vs. 26.3 ± 0.36 °C, respectively; F1, 63.5 = 9.11, P < 0.005) and 30 min post partum (26.2 ± 0.47 °C vs. 27.6 ± 0.44 °C, respectively; F1, 66.9 = 4.52, P < 0.05). Moreover, thermal pattern of the ear tip differed between the two genetic lines. In conclusion, IRT allowed non-invasive assessment of piglets' thermoregulation abilities and indicated an influence of genetic selection for RFI on neonatal thermoregulation abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitt
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy P61 P302, Ireland; Department of Animal Production, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; Animal Behaviour and Welfare Team, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - S Reigner
- INRAE, GENESI, F-17700, Saint Pierre d'Amilly, France
| | - J Bailly
- INRAE, GENESI, F-17700, Saint Pierre d'Amilly, France
| | - L Ravon
- INRAE, GENESI, F-17700, Saint Pierre d'Amilly, France
| | - Y Billon
- INRAE, GENESI, F-17700, Saint Pierre d'Amilly, France
| | - L Gress
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - L Bluy
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - L Canario
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - H Gilbert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - A Bonnet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - L Liaubet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Revilla M, Friggens NC, Broudiscou LP, Lemonnier G, Blanc F, Ravon L, Mercat MJ, Billon Y, Rogel-Gaillard C, Le Floch N, Estellé J, Muñoz-Tamayo R. Towards the quantitative characterisation of piglets' robustness to weaning: a modelling approach. Animal 2019; 13:2536-2546. [PMID: 31092303 PMCID: PMC6801654 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical transition phase in swine production in which piglets must cope with different stressors that may affect their health. During this period, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is still frequent to limit piglet morbidity, which raises both economic and public health concerns such as the appearance of antimicrobial-resistant microbes. With the interest of developing tools for assisting health and management decisions around weaning, it is key to provide robustness indexes that inform on the animals' capacity to endure the challenges associated with weaning. This work aimed at developing a modelling approach for facilitating the quantification of piglet resilience to weaning. A total of 325 Large White pigs weaned at 28 days of age were monitored and further housed and fed conventionally during the post-weaning period without antibiotic administration. Body weight and diarrhoea scores were recorded before and after weaning, and blood was sampled at weaning and 1 week later for collecting haematological data. A dynamic model was constructed based on the Gompertz-Makeham law to describe live weight trajectories during the first 75 days after weaning, following the rationale that the animal response is partitioned in two time windows (a perturbation and a recovery window). Model calibration was performed for each animal. Our results show that the transition time between the two time windows, as well as the weight trajectories are characteristic for each individual. The model captured the weight dynamics of animals at different degrees of perturbation, with an average coefficient of determination of 0.99, and a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.99. The utility of the model is that it provides biologically meaningful parameters that inform on the amplitude and length of perturbation, and the rate of animal recovery. Our rationale is that the dynamics of weight inform on the capability of the animal to cope with the weaning disturbance. Indeed, there were significant correlations between model parameters and individual diarrhoea scores and haematological traits. Overall, the parameters of our model can be useful for constructing weaning robustness indexes by using exclusively the growth curves. We foresee that this modelling approach will provide a step forward in the quantitative characterisation of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Revilla
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - N. C. Friggens
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - L. P. Broudiscou
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - G. Lemonnier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F. Blanc
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - L. Ravon
- UE GenESI, INRA, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - M. J. Mercat
- IFIP-Institut du porc and Alliance R&D, 35651, Le Rheu, France
| | - Y. Billon
- UE GenESI, INRA, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - C. Rogel-Gaillard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N. Le Floch
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, AgroCampus Ouest, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - J. Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R. Muñoz-Tamayo
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
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