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Woods C, Naroo S, Zeri F, Bakkar M, Barodawala F, Evans V, Fadel D, Kalikivayi L, Lira M, Maseedupally V, Huarte ST, Eperjesi F. Evidence for commonly used teaching, learning and assessment methods in contact lens clinical skills education. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101821. [PMID: 36805277 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence based practice is now an important part of healthcare education. The aim of this narrative literature review was to determine what evidence exists on the efficacy of commonly used teaching and learning and assessment methods in the realm of contact lens skills education (CLE) in order to provide insights into best practice. A summary of the global regulation and provision of postgraduate learning and continuing professional development in CLE is included. METHOD An expert panel of educators was recruited and completed a literature review of current evidence of teaching and learning and assessment methods in healthcare training, with an emphasis on health care, general optometry and CLE. RESULTS No direct evidence of benefit of teaching and learning and assessment methods in CLE were found. There was evidence for the benefit of some teaching and learning and assessment methods in other disciplines that could be transferable to CLE and could help students meet the intended learning outcomes. There was evidence that the following teaching and learning methods helped health-care and general optometry students meet the intended learning outcomes; clinical teaching and learning, flipped classrooms, clinical skills videos and clerkships. For assessment these methods were; essays, case presentations, objective structured clinical examinations, self-assessment and formative assessment. There was no evidence that the following teaching and learning methods helped health-care and general optometry students meet the intended learning outcomes; journal clubs and case discussions. Nor was any evidence found for the following assessment methods; multiple-choice questions, oral examinations, objective structured practical examinations, holistic assessment, and summative assessment. CONCLUSION Investigation into the efficacy of common teaching and learning and assessment methods in CLE are required and would be beneficial for the entire community of contact lens educators, and other disciplines that wish to adapt this approach of evidence-based teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Woods
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - Shehzad Naroo
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Zeri
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK; University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Materials Science, Milan, Italy; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - May Bakkar
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
| | - Fakhruddin Barodawala
- Faculty of Optometry and Vision Sciences, SEGi University, Malaysia; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - Vicki Evans
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - Daddi Fadel
- Center for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Madalena Lira
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal; International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Canada
| | - Vinod Maseedupally
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Kalikivayi V, Kalikivayi L. Un estudio transversal sobre biometría ocular y cambios paramétricos entre gemelos idénticos y no idénticos. RMO 2022. [DOI: 10.24875/rmo.m22000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kalikivayi V, Kalikivayi L, Ganesan AR. Analyses on the distribution and influence of higher-order aberrations both clinically and experimentally among varied refractive errors. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2021; 35:21-28. [PMID: 34667928 PMCID: PMC8486037 DOI: 10.4103/1319-4534.325777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this work is to determine and compare the distribution and influence of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) both clinically and experimentally between different refractive errors. METHODS: Commercially available Shack–Hartmann aberrometer was employed to measure the HOA clinically in human eyes. Experimentally, HOA was measured in a model eye by simulating various refractive errors by constructing an aberrometer based on the same Shack Hartmann principle. One-way analyses of variance and simple regression were employed to analyze the distribution and influence of HOA among various refractive errors. RESULTS: A total of 100 eyes were clinically measured for aberrations, of which 35, 50, and 15 eyes were emmetropes, myopes, and hyperopes, respectively. Out of the total root mean square (RMS) value, the HOAs found in the human eyes were 23%, 7%, and 26% and in the model eye, it was 20%, 8%, and 10% between emmetropes, myopes, and hyperopes, respectively. The mean higher-order RMS was almost similar between the groups and among various refractive errors. There was no statistical significance between the individual Zernikes except for the coma in both human and model eyes. CONCLUSION: The mean HOA is similar amidst the different refractive errors. The presence of 23% HOA in emmetropes signifies that larger part of the human eye is capable of complying with HOA without compromising the image quality. This work signifies that HOA does not play an important role in image clarity for human eyes with regular refractive surface unlike irregular refractive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramana Kalikivayi
- Department of Optometry, Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India.,Department of Mathematics, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Optometry, Elite School of Optometry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, India
| | - Lavanya Kalikivayi
- Department of Optometry, Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - A R Ganesan
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Priji P, Jacob SC, Kalikivayi L, Kalikivayi V. Correlating Kane formula with existing intraocular lens formulae for corneal curvatures and axial lengths. Oman J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:94-99. [PMID: 34345143 PMCID: PMC8300291 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_62_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the predictability of the Kane formula in estimating postoperative refractive outcome with various corneal curvatures and axial lengths (ALs) besides comparing with existing intraocular lens (IOL) formulae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients having uneventful cataract surgery at an eye hospital. A total of 50 eyes were considered for the study. The corresponding A-constant for the model of IOL implanted into the patient's eye was taken along with the actual power of IOL implanted and corresponding predicted power for the IOL power inserted were taken for all the chosen formulae and was termed as "Adjusted Predicted Refractive Power." This was compared with the actual refractive outcome and the absolute error (AE) was measured. The eyes were separated into groups in terms of corneal curvature as flat (<42D), medium (42D–46D), and steep (>46D) corneas. In terms of AL, it was grouped as short (≤22 mm), medium (>22.0–<24.0 mm), and long (>24.0 mm) eyes. RESULTS: The study included 50 eyes and the mean AE for all the selected formulae were calculated for each group. Over the entire corneal curvature range, none of the formulae showed any significance when compared with the Kane formula (P > 0.05). In short AL, SRK-T formula had a statistical significance over the Kane formula (P = 0.043), whereas no other group had any significance over the Kane formula in AL groups. CONCLUSION: The study shows, all formulae (SRK-T, Holladay1, Hoffer Q, Hill RBF, Barrett Universal II, Kane) are interchangeable to predict the IOL power for any of the corneal curvature and ALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Priji
- Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sajeev Cherian Jacob
- Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India.,Ahalia Foundation Eye Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
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Priji P, Jacob SC, Kalikivayi L, Kalikivayi V. Correlating Kane formula with existing intraocular lens formulae for corneal curvatures and axial lengths. Oman J Ophthalmol 2021. [PMID: 34345143 DOI: 10.4103/eye.eye_62_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the predictability of the Kane formula in estimating postoperative refractive outcome with various corneal curvatures and axial lengths (ALs) besides comparing with existing intraocular lens (IOL) formulae. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients having uneventful cataract surgery at an eye hospital. A total of 50 eyes were considered for the study. The corresponding A-constant for the model of IOL implanted into the patient's eye was taken along with the actual power of IOL implanted and corresponding predicted power for the IOL power inserted were taken for all the chosen formulae and was termed as "Adjusted Predicted Refractive Power." This was compared with the actual refractive outcome and the absolute error (AE) was measured. The eyes were separated into groups in terms of corneal curvature as flat (<42D), medium (42D-46D), and steep (>46D) corneas. In terms of AL, it was grouped as short (≤22 mm), medium (>22.0-<24.0 mm), and long (>24.0 mm) eyes. RESULTS The study included 50 eyes and the mean AE for all the selected formulae were calculated for each group. Over the entire corneal curvature range, none of the formulae showed any significance when compared with the Kane formula (P > 0.05). In short AL, SRK-T formula had a statistical significance over the Kane formula (P = 0.043), whereas no other group had any significance over the Kane formula in AL groups. CONCLUSION The study shows, all formulae (SRK-T, Holladay1, Hoffer Q, Hill RBF, Barrett Universal II, Kane) are interchangeable to predict the IOL power for any of the corneal curvature and ALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Priji
- Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sajeev Cherian Jacob
- Ahalia School of Optometry, Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Ahalia Foundation Eye Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
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Kalikivayi L, Ajitha Vilasendran J, Chettupuzha Lonappan A, Cherian Jacob S, Kalikivayi V. A novel method in correcting aberropia using pin hole soft contact lenses: A case report. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 42:334-338. [PMID: 30594471 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberropia leads to decrease in image quality due to higher order aberrations (HOA). Correction of these HOA poses a great challenge to clinicians. A case report is presented here where a 30 year old male visited with complaints of cloudy vision, diplopia in reduced illumination along with inferior vertical elongation of light during night time in the right eye since 6 years. The unaided visual acuity was found to be 0.0 Log MAR units and near acuity was N6. The patient did not accept any correction in subjective refraction. The aberrometry findings revealed vertical trefoil and vertical coma of -0.33 μm and 0.53 μm in the right eye and -0.07 μm and 0.12 μm in the left eye. Orbscan revealed a difference of 30 μm and 25 μm between the anterior and posterior float for the right and left eye respectively. Due to the significant increase in irregular astigmatism, vertical coma and vertical trefoil in the right eye, rigid gas permeable lenses and Rose K lenses were tried, but the symptoms did not reduce. This was due to the increase in posterior corneal astigmatism as the posterior float was more than 25 μm in the right eye which led to a diagnosis of early keratoconus. As the decrease in pupil size reduces HOA, a pin hole (2.5 mm pupil) soft contact lens was tried which reduced the symptoms. Hence a novel method is proposed to eliminate HOA which corrects aberropia by using pin hole soft contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Kalikivayi
- Ahalia School of Optometry, Ahalia Foundation Eye Hospital, Palakkad 678557, India.
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