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Prasad Venkatesulu B, Ness E, Ross D, Saripalli AL, Abood G, Badami A, Cotler S, Dhanarajan A, Knab LM, Lee B, Molvar C, Sethi A, Small W, Refaat T. MRI-guided Real-time Online Gated Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors. Am J Clin Oncol 2023; 46:530-536. [PMID: 37708212 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver tumors are commonly encountered in oncology. The study aimed to assess the impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (MRgSBRT) on disease-related outcomes and the toxicity profile. METHODS Patients who received MRgSBRT from 2019 to 2021 for primary and metastatic liver tumors were included in this analysis. The protocol for treatment simulation included Gadoxetate disodium injection followed by a single-dimensional post-exhale MRI (0.35-T MRI linear accelerator) and computed tomography simulation. The patient demographics and treatment-related outcomes were assessed. The time-to-event curves were analyzed for freedom from local progression (FFLP) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 35 patients were eligible for analysis with a median age of 70 years (range 25 to 95). The median follow-up was 19.4 months (range 1 to 37 mo). The one-year OS was 77.7%, with an estimated 3 years of 47.9%. Patients with the locally controlled disease had a better median OS of 27.8 months (95% CI [23.8-31.6]) compared with 13.5 months (95% CI [5.6-21.3], P =0.007) in patients with local disease progression. The 1-year FFLP was 95.6%, and 3-year estimated FFLP was 87.1%. Patients who received a radiation dose of biologically equivalent dose≥100 Gy had FFLP of 30.9 months (95% CI [28.7-33.1]) compared with 13.3 months (95% CI [5.3-21.3], P =0.004) in patients who received <100 Gy biologically equivalent dose. CONCLUSION MRI-guided SBRT provides optimal local control, associated with improved OS in a heavily morbid, pretreated older cohort of patients with reasonable safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ami Badami
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center
| | - Scott Cotler
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Asha Dhanarajan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Christopher Molvar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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Abdallah LE, Abusubha A, Lee BH, Badami A, Abood G, Knab LM, Jr WS, Refaat T. Treatment Outcomes and Toxicity Profile of MRI-Guided Gated-Real Time Online Adaptive Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy to Patients with Pancreatic Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e281. [PMID: 37785052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to patients with inoperable pancreas cancer has shown promising outcomes. Dose escalation is challenging given the associated risks to nearby organs at risk and requires treatment plan adaptation and motion management. This study reports the treatment related adverse events and treatment outcomes of MRI-guided SBRT utilizing gated-real time online adaptive radiotherapy to patients with pancreatic tumors. MATERIALS/METHODS This is a single institution retrospective IRB approved study and included patients with pancreatic tumors who were treated with MRI-guided SBRT utilizing gated-real time online adaptive radiotherapy, consecutively between 2019 and 2022. All patients were treated with 0.35T MRI linear accelerator. All patients' charts and radiation plans were reviewed for this study. RESULTS The study included 25 patients treated consecutively to 125 radiation fractions with MRI-guided SBRT. The study included 15 females and 10 males, 19 white, 2 Asians, 1 Latin American and 2 African Americans. The median age was 74, and all patients had pancreatic adenocarcinoma (92%) except two patients who had biopsy proven renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pancreas without evidence of disease elsewhere. Most patients (68%) received chemotherapy (FOLFIRINOX or Gemcitabine / Protein-bound paclitaxel) prior to SBRT. The median dose to gross target volume (GTV) was 50 Gy, and to planning target volume (PTV) was 35 Gy. All patients were treated in 5 radiation fractions. Thirteen patients (52%) received elective nodal irradiation (ENI). All patients had at least a single real-time online adaptive replanning (median 3 fractions, range 1-5 fractions). All treatment fractions were gated (100%) with MRI guidance. The 1-, 2-, & 3- year local-regional control (LRC) were 81%, 57%, & 57% respectively (Median 16 months). The 1-, 2-, & 3- year Distant Control (DC) were 81%, 74%, & 56% respectively (Median 14 months). The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival (OS) were 77%, 35%, & 24% (Median 21 months). Planning Target Volume (PTV) dose ≥40Gy was significantly associated with improved local-regional control (p = 0.02). Gross Target Volume (GTV) dose <50Gy was significantly associated with lower DC (p = 0.03). ENI showed a trend towards improved local-regional control but was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). None of the patients experienced ≥ grade 3 toxicities. Most common adverse event were grades 1 or 2 fatigue (24%), nausea (16%), and abdominal discomfort (12%). CONCLUSION In this cohort, MRI-guided SBRT utilizing gated-real time online adaptive radiotherapy was a safe and effective approach for patients with pancreatic tumors who are not surgical candidates. In this study, dose escalation was significantly associated with improved local-regional (PTV ≥40 Gy) and distant control (GTV ≥50Gy). None of the patients experienced grade ≥3 radiation induced adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Abdallah
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Maywood, IL
| | - A Abusubha
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Maywood, IL
| | - B H Lee
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL
| | - A Badami
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - G Abood
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - L M Knab
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL
| | - W Small Jr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - T Refaat
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL
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Cantos A, Eguia E, Wang X, Abood G, Knab LM. Impact of sociodemographic factors on outcomes in patients with peritoneal malignancies following cytoreduction and chemoperfusion. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1285-1291. [PMID: 35253223 PMCID: PMC9314066 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Sociodemographic factors have been shown to impact surgical outcomes. However, the effects of these factors on patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) are not well known. This study aims to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic factors on patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC. Methods Adult patients at a tertiary center who underwent CRS/HIPEC were evaluated. Perioperative variables were collected and analyzed. A national database was also used to evaluate patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC. Results There were 90 patients who underwent CRS/HIPEC (32% non‐White). There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative complications, length of stay, or discharge disposition based upon race (white vs. non‐White patients), socioeconomic status (SES), or insurance type. Nationally, we found that Black and Hispanic patients were less likely to undergo CRS/HIPEC than Non‐Hispanic white patients (Black: odds ratio [OR]: 0.60, [confidence interval {CI}: 0.39–0.94]; Hispanic: OR: 0.52, [CI: 0.28–0.98]). However, there were no significant differences in postoperative complications based upon race/ethnicity. Conclusion Sociodemographic factors including race, SES, and insurance status did not impact postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC at our single institution. On a national level, Black and Hispanic patients underwent CRS/HIPEC at lower rates compared to white patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cantos
- Department of Surgery Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Maywood Illinois USA
| | - Emanuel Eguia
- Department of Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois USA
| | - Xuanji Wang
- Department of Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois USA
| | - Gerard Abood
- Department of Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois USA
| | - Lawrence M. Knab
- Department of Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois USA
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Kisch SE, Nussbaum ER, Varsanik MA, O’Hara A, Pozin JJ, Littau MJ, Wang X, Carollo E, Knab LM, Abood G. Octogenarians undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy: Assessing outcomes, disposition, and timing of chemotherapy. Surg Open Sci 2022; 7:58-61. [PMID: 35036889 PMCID: PMC8749155 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion of pancreaticoduodenectomy has demonstrated higher rates of curative treatment in pancreatic cancer, yet prior research has suggested increased postoperative complications in octogenarians (patients older than 80 years). This study aimed to understand the impact of age on patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy, focusing on postoperative outcomes and return to intended oncologic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a single-institution retrospective cohort study for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2007 to 2018. Collected data included demographics, preoperative comorbidities, and postoperative data (length of stay, 30-day mortality, 1-year mortality, infection, discharge location). Data were separated into 2 cohorts: octogenarians (≥ 80 years) and nonoctogenarians (< 80). χ2 and independent-sample t tests were used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 649 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2007 to 2018; 63 (9.7%) were octogenarians. No differences were found in infectious complications (P = .607), 30-day mortality (P = .363), or 1-year mortality (P = .895). Octogenarians had a longer length of stay (P = .003) and were more likely to be discharged to skilled nursing facilities (P < .001). There was no significant difference in neoadjuvant chemotherapy administration, although octogenarians were less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .048) and declined adjuvant therapy at a higher rate (P = .003). CONCLUSION Performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy in octogenarians can be safe and effective in a properly selected cohort. Although postoperative morbidity and mortality are similar to younger patients, elderly patients are more likely to be discharged to nursing facilities and less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. This study suggests that age alone should not be a discriminating factor when discussing surgical therapy for pancreatic cancer treatment in octogenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Kisch
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Nussbaum
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - M. Alyssa Varsanik
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alexander O’Hara
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jacob J. Pozin
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Michael J. Littau
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Xuanji Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Erin Carollo
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Lawrence M. Knab
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Gerard Abood
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Fahmy JN, Varsanik MA, Hubbs D, Eguia E, Abood G, Knab LM. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Surgical outcomes and survival analysis. Am J Surg 2020; 221:529-533. [PMID: 33375953 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare, with rising incidence and limited clinicopathological studies. METHODS Adult patients with pNET at a single tertiary care center were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS In total, 87 patients with histologically confirmed pNET who underwent resection were evaluated. 11% of patients had functioning pNETs: 9 insulinoma and 1 VIPoma. The majority (88.5%) were nonfunctioning. The most common surgical procedure performed was distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (36.8%). 35.6% of cases were performed with minimally invasive surgery (MIS). MIS patients had fewer postoperative complications, shorter length of stay, and fewer ICU admissions.Disease-free survival (DFS) was unaffected by tumor size (p = 0.5) or lymph node status (p = 0.62). Patients with high-grade (G3) tumors experienced significantly shorter DFS (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This series demonstrates that survival in patients with pNET is driven mostly by tumor grade, though overall most have long-term survival after surgical resection. Additionally, an MIS approach is efficacious in appropriately selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Fahmy
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - M Alyssa Varsanik
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Hubbs
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Emanuel Eguia
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Gerard Abood
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA
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Wang X, Sweigert P, Eguia E, Varsnik MA, Renz CR, Terrasse WA, Gauthier M, Aranha G, Knab LM, Abood G. Impact of angiotensin system inhibitors on esophageal cancer survival. Surg Open Sci 2020; 3:34-38. [PMID: 33554099 PMCID: PMC7856460 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin system inhibitors are associated with improved prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers. Data suggest that renin-angiotensin system signaling stimulates the tumor's immune microenvironment to impact overall survival. The goal of this study is to investigate the role of angiotensin system inhibitor use on the overall survival and disease-free survival of esophageal cancer patients. Methods Retrospective review of esophagectomy patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer at a single institution tertiary care center from 2007 to 2018 was performed. Outcomes include overall survival and disease-free survival. Patient characteristics were compared with t test and χ2 test. Survival was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazards regression. Results One hundred seventy-one patients were identified and 123 underwent esophagectomy for cancer. No significant differences in patient demographics were found between angiotensin system inhibitor users and non-angiotensin system inhibitor users except for the rates of hypertension (40% vs 94%, P < .01) and diabetes (16% vs 47%, P < .01). Distributions of tumor neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, pathology, staging, margins, and surgical approach were similar. Postoperatively, there was no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events or infection rates. This study did not find any differences in overall survival and disease-free survival between angiotensin system inhibitor users and non-angiotensin system inhibitor users. Conclusion Angiotensin system inhibitors have been shown to improve survival and decrease relative risk for several types of cancers; however, our data do not support the same effect on esophageal cancer patients undergoing curative intent surgery. Further research is needed to investigate potential nuances in angiotensin system inhibitor dose, chronicity of use, esophageal pathology, and applicability to nonsurgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanji Wang
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Patrick Sweigert
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Emanuel Eguia
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - M Alyssa Varsnik
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Christen R Renz
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Weston A Terrasse
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Madeline Gauthier
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Gerard Aranha
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Gerard Abood
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
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Sweigert PJ, Eguia E, Janjua H, Nassoiy SP, Knab LM, Abood G, Kuo PC, Baker MS. Does resection improve overall survival for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with nodal metastases? Surg Open Sci 2020; 2:107-112. [PMID: 32754714 PMCID: PMC7391899 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potential benefit of surgical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with locoregionally advanced disease has not been definitively determined. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried to identify patients with clinical evidence of node-positive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Resected patients were stratified by margin status and lymph node ratio (nodes positive to nodes harvested). Risk of death was determined using Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival functions. Results A total of 1,425 patients with T(any)N1M0 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were identified. Two hundred twelve (14.9%) underwent surgical resection. On multivariable Cox regression, R0 resection afforded a survival benefit regardless of lymph node ratio (lymph node ratio > 0.5: hazard ratio 0.466, 95% confidence interval 0.304–0.715; lymph node ratio ≤ 0.5: hazard ratio 0.444, 95% confidence interval 0.322–0.611), whereas a survival benefit was only seen in R1 patients with lymph node ratio ≤ 0.5 (hazard ratio 0.470, 95% confidence interval 0.316–0.701). On Kaplan-Meier, median survival was 11.6 months with chemotherapy, 15.7 months with R0 resection in lymph node ratio > 0.5, and 22.2 months with R0 resection in lymph node ratio ≤ 0.5 (P < .001). Discussion Margin negative resection is associated with a risk-adjusted survival benefit for patients with clinically N1 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma regardless of the degree of regional lymph node involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Sweigert
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
- Corresponding author at: Patrick J. Sweigert, MD, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153. Tel.: + 1-708-327-2413; fax: + 1-708-327-2813.
| | - Emanuel Eguia
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Haroon Janjua
- University of South Florida, Department of Surgery, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606
| | - Sean P. Nassoiy
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Lawrence M. Knab
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Gerard Abood
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Paul C. Kuo
- University of South Florida, Department of Surgery, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606
| | - Marshall S. Baker
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153
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Sweigert PJ, Eguia E, Nelson MH, Nassoiy SP, Knab LM, Abood G, Baker MS. Total gastrectomy in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma: Is there an advantage to the minimally invasive approach? Surgery 2019; 166:623-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Myers SP, Littleton EB, Hill KA, Dasari M, Nicholson KJ, Knab LM, Neal MD, Horvath KD, Krane M, Hamad GG, Rosengart MR. Perceptions Regarding Mentorship Among General Surgery Trainees With Academic Career Intentions. J Surg Educ 2019; 76:916-923. [PMID: 30704954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective mentorship may be an opportunity to mitigate career de-prioritization, improve stress management, and bolster professional growth. Relatively few studies address specific challenges that occur for general surgery trainees. We conducted a focus group-based investigation to determine facilitators/barriers to effective mentorship among general surgery residents, who are intending to pursue an academic career. DESIGN A semistructured focus group study was conducted to explore residents' attitudes and experiences regarding (1) needs for mentorship, (2) barriers to identifying mentors, and (3) characteristics of successful mentor-mentee interactions. Subjects self-identified and were characterized as either "Mentored" or "Nonmentored." Transcriptions were independently reviewed by 3 coders. Inter-rater reliability between the coders was evaluated by calculating Cohen's kappa for each coded item. SETTING General surgery residents from 2 academic tertiary hospitals, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and University of Washington, participated. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four general surgery trainees were divided into 8 focus groups. RESULTS There were no gender-based differences in mentoring needs among residents. Barriers to establishing a relationship with a mentor, such as lack of exposure to faculty, and time and determination on the part of both mentor and mentee, were exacerbated by aspects of surgical culture including gender dynamics, criticism, and hierarchy. Successful relationships between mentee and mentor were perceived to require personal/professional compatibility and a feeling that the mentor is invested in the mentee, while conflicts of interest and neglect detracted from a successful relationship. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations demonstrate the importance of surgical hierarchy and culture in facilitating interpersonal interactions with potential mentors. Further studies will be necessary to determine how best to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Myers
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Eliza B Littleton
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine A Hill
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohini Dasari
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristina J Nicholson
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen D Horvath
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mukta Krane
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Giselle G Hamad
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Rosengart
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Chow CR, Ebine K, Knab LM, Bentrem DJ, Kumar K, Munshi HG. Cancer Cell Invasion in Three-dimensional Collagen Is Regulated Differentially by Gα13 Protein and Discoidin Domain Receptor 1-Par3 Protein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1605-1618. [PMID: 26589794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can invade in three-dimensional collagen as single cells or as a cohesive group of cells that require coordination of cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. To examine the role of Gα13, a G12 family heterotrimeric G protein, in regulating cellular invasion in three-dimensional collagen, we established a novel method to track cell invasion by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-expressing cancer cells. We show that knockdown of Gα13 decreased membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-driven proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen and enhanced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. E-cadherin knockdown reversed Gα13 siRNA-induced cell-cell adhesion but failed to reverse the effect of Gα13 siRNA on proteolytic invasion. Instead, concurrent knockdown of E-cadherin and Gα13 led to an increased number of single cells rather than groups of cells. Significantly, knockdown of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-binding protein that also co-localizes to cell-cell junctions, reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Knockdown of the polarity protein Par3, which can function downstream of DDR1, also reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Overall, we show that Gα13 and DDR1-Par3 differentially regulate cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton to mediate invasion in three-dimensional collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Chow
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | | | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and; Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and.
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Phillips JD, Knab LM, Blatner NR, Haghi L, DeCamp MM, Meyerson SL, Heiferman MJ, Heiferman JR, Gounari F, Bentrem DJ, Khazaie K. Preferential expansion of pro-inflammatory Tregs in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1185-91. [PMID: 26047578 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) normally function to temper immune responses and decrease inflammation. Previous research has demonstrated different subsets of Tregs with contrasting anti- or pro-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine Treg subset distributions and characteristics present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from healthy controls (HC) and NSCLC patients preceding surgical resection, and mononuclear cells were isolated, stained, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Tregs were defined by expression of CD4 and CD25 and classified into CD45RA(+)Foxp3(int) (naïve, Fr. I) or CD45RA(-)Foxp3(hi) (activated Fr. II). Activated conventional T cells were CD4(+)CD45RA(-)Foxp3(int) (Fr. III). RESULTS Samples from 23 HC and 26 NSCLC patients were collected. Tregs isolated from patients with NSCLC were found to have enhanced suppressive function on naive T cells. Cancer patients had significantly increased frequencies of activated Tregs (fraction II: FrII), 17.5 versus 3.2% (P < 0.001). FrII Tregs demonstrated increased RORγt and IL17 expression and decreased IL10 expression compared to Tregs from HC, indicating pro-inflammatory characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a novel subset of Tregs with pro-inflammatory characteristics preferentially expand in NSCLC patients. This Treg subset appears identical to previously reported pro-inflammatory Tregs in human colon cancer patients and in mouse models of polyposis. We expect the pro-inflammatory Tregs in lung cancer to contribute to the immune pathogenesis of disease and propose that targeting this Treg subset may have protective benefits in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 650, 676 N St. Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Abstract
Cancer of the esophagus and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) continues to have a dismal prognosis, with the incidence of esophageal cancer increasing in the United States. Although radical resection was initially the primary treatment for this disease process, systemic chemotherapy and radiation have been shown to play a role in prolonging survival in most patient populations. This chapter explores the evidence that guides treatment for esophageal and GEJ cancer today. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were introduced as treatment modalities for esophageal and GEJ cancers when it became evident that surgical therapy alone provided poor long-term survival rates. A variety of treatment strategies have been explored including preoperative (neoadjuvant) and postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy, with and without radiation. The evidence suggests that neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy provides better outcomes compared to surgery alone for esophageal, GEJ, and gastric cancers. Studies indicate a trend towards improved survival when neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is compared to chemotherapy alone. When patients have undergone resection with node-positive disease without receiving neoadjuvant therapy, some form of adjuvant treatment is recommended. This chapter also explores the surgical management of esophageal, GEJ, and gastric cancers including the extent of the gastric lymph node dissection. It also includes a discussion about adherence to national guidelines in terms of gastric cancer treatment and esophageal and gastric lymph node examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Knab
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA,
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Queisser MA, Dada LA, Deiss-Yehiely N, Angulo M, Zhou G, Kouri FM, Knab LM, Liu J, Stegh AH, DeCamp MM, Budinger GRS, Chandel NS, Ciechanover A, Iwai K, Sznajder JI. HOIL-1L functions as the PKCζ ubiquitin ligase to promote lung tumor growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:688-98. [PMID: 25118570 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0463oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. Deletion of PKCζ in experimental cancer models has been shown to increase tumor growth. However, the mechanisms of PKCζ down-regulation in cancerous cells have not been previously described. OBJECTIVES To determine the molecular mechanisms that lead to decreased PKCζ expression and thus increased survival in cancer cells and tumor growth. METHODS The levels of expression of heme-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1L (HOIL-1L), HOIL-1-interacting protein (HOIP), Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN), and PKCζ were analyzed by Western blot and/or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in different cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments were used to demonstrate the interaction between HOIL-1L and PKCζ. Ubiquitination was measured in an in vitro ubiquitination assay and by Western blot with specific antibodies. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) was determined by gain/loss-of-function experiments. The effect of HOIL-1L expression on cell death was investigated using RNA interference approaches in vitro and on tumor growth in mice models. Increased HOIL-1L and decreased PKCζ expression was assessed in lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme and documented in several other cancer types by oncogenomic analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hypoxia is a hallmark of rapidly growing solid tumors. We found that during hypoxia, PKCζ is ubiquitinated and degraded via the ubiquitin ligase HOIL-1L, a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). In vitro ubiquitination assays indicate that HOIL-1L ubiquitinates PKCζ at Lys-48, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. In a xenograft tumor model and lung cancer model, we found that silencing of HOIL-1L increased the abundance of PKCζ and decreased the size of tumors, suggesting that lower levels of HOIL-1L promote survival. Indeed, mRNA transcript levels of HOIL-1L were elevated in tumor of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and in a lung adenocarcinoma tissue microarray the levels of HOIL-1L were associated with high-grade tumors. Moreover, we found that HOIL-1L expression was regulated by HIFs. Interestingly, the actions of HOIL-1L were independent of LUBAC. CONCLUSIONS These data provide first evidence of a mechanism of cancer cell adaptation to hypoxia where HIFs regulate HOIL-1L, which targets PKCζ for degradation to promote tumor survival. We provided a proof of concept that silencing of HOIL-1L impairs lung tumor growth and that HOIL-1L expression predicts survival rate in cancer patients suggesting that HOIL-1L is an attractive target for cancer therapy.
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Knab LM, Grippo PJ, Bentrem DJ. Involvement of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: The roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10729-10739. [PMID: 25152576 PMCID: PMC4138453 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between inflammation and cancer progression is a growing area of research. A combination of clinical, epidemiological, and basic science investigations indicate that there is a relationship between inflammatory changes in the pancreas and neoplastic progression. Diets high in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide increased substrate for arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) to form eicosanoids. These eicosanoids directly contribute to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Both COX-2 and 5-LOX are upregulated in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies using pancreatic cancer cell lines have demonstrated upregulation of COX-2 and 5-LOX at both the mRNA and protein levels. When COX-2 and 5-LOX are blocked via a variety of mechanisms, cancer cell proliferation is abrogated both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of COX-2 has been shown to include effects on apoptosis as well as angiogenesis. 5-LOX has been implicated in apoptosis. The use of COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors in clinical studies in patients with pancreatic cancer has been limited. Patient enrollment has been restricted to those with advanced disease which makes evaluation of these drugs as chemopreventive agents difficult. COX-2 and 5-LOX expression have been shown to be present during the early neoplastic changes of pancreatic cancer, well before progression to invasive disease. This indicates that the ideal role for these interventions is early in the disease process as preventive agents, perhaps in patients with chronic pancreatitis or hereditary pancreatitis.
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Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, Keswani RN, Chung J, Sherman KL, Knab LM, Posner MC, Bentrem DJ. Treatment trends, risk of lymph node metastasis, and outcomes for localized esophageal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju133. [PMID: 25031273 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic resection is increasingly used to treat localized, early-stage esophageal cancer. We sought to assess its adoption, characterize the risks of nodal metastases, and define differences in procedural mortality and 5-year survival between endoscopic and surgical resection in the United States. METHODS From the National Cancer Data Base, patients with T1a and T1b lesions were identified. Treatment patterns were characterized, and hierarchical regression methods were used to define predictors and evaluate outcomes. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Five thousand three hundred ninety patients were identified and underwent endoscopic (26.5%) or surgical resection (73.5%). Endoscopic resection increased from 19.0% to 53.0% for T1a lesions (P < .001) and from 6.6% to 20.9% for T1b cancers (P < .001). The strongest predictors of endoscopic resection were depth of invasion (T1a vs T1b: odds ratio [OR] = 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.76 to 5.27) and patient age of 75 years or older (vs age less than 55 years: OR = 4.86; 95% CI = 3.60 to 6.57). Among patients undergoing surgery, lymph node metastasis was 5.0% for T1a and 16.6% for T1b lesions. Predictors of nodal metastases included tumor size greater than 2 cm (vs. <2 cm) and intermediate-/high-grade lesions (vs low grade). For example, 0.5% of patients with low-grade T1a lesions less than 2 cm had lymph node involvement. The risk of 30-day mortality was less after endoscopic resection (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.58) but greater for conditional 5-year survival (HR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.47). CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic resection has become the most common treatment of T1a esophageal cancer and has increased for T1b cancers. It remains important to balance the risk of nodal metastases and procedural risk when counseling patients regarding their treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Merkow
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB).
| | - Karl Y Bilimoria
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - Rajesh N Keswani
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - Jeanette Chung
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - Karen L Sherman
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - Mitchell C Posner
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
| | - David J Bentrem
- Affiliations of authors: Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery (RPM, KYB, JC, KLS, MK, DJB), and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RNK), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (RPM, MCP); Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL (DJB)
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Knab LM, Ebine K, Chow CR, Raza SS, Sahai V, Patel AP, Kumar K, Bentrem DJ, Grippo PJ, Munshi HG. Snail cooperates with Kras G12D in vivo to increase stem cell factor and enhance mast cell infiltration. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1440-8. [PMID: 24944064 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with a pronounced fibro-inflammatory stromal reaction that contributes to tumor progression. A critical step in invasion and metastasis is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can be regulated by the Snail family of transcription factors. Overexpression of Snail (Snai1) and mutant Kras(G12D) in the pancreas of transgenic mice, using an elastase (EL) promoter, resulted in fibrosis. To identify how Snail modulates inflammation in the pancreas, we examined the effect of expressing Snail in EL-Kras(G12D) mice (Kras(G12D)/Snail) on mast cell infiltration, which has been linked to PDAC progression. Using this animal model system, it was demonstrated that there are increased numbers of mast cells in the pancreas of Kras(G12D)/Snail mice compared with control Kras(G12D) mice. In addition, it was revealed that human primary PDAC tumors with increased Snail expression are associated with increased mast cell infiltration, and that Snail expression in these clinical specimens positively correlated with the expression of stem cell factor (SCF/KITLG), a cytokine known to regulate mast cell migration. Concomitantly, SCF levels are increased in the Kras(G12D)/Snail mice than in control mice. Moreover, overexpression of Snail in PDAC cells increased SCF levels, and the media conditioned by Snail-expressing PDAC cells promoted mast cell migration. Finally, inhibition of SCF using a neutralizing antibody significantly attenuated Snail-induced migration of mast cells. IMPLICATIONS Together, these results elucidate how the EMT regulator Snail contributes to inflammation associated with PDAC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Knab
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina R Chow
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sania S Raza
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Akash P Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Bentrem
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Sahai V, Kumar K, Knab LM, Chow CR, Raza SS, Bentrem DJ, Ebine K, Munshi HG. BET bromodomain inhibitors block growth of pancreatic cancer cells in three-dimensional collagen. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1907-17. [PMID: 24807963 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with pronounced fibrosis that contributes to chemoresistance, in part, through increased histone acetylation. Because bromodomain (BRD) and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins are "readers" of histone acetylation marks, we targeted BET proteins in PDAC cells grown in three-dimensional collagen. We show that treatment with BET inhibitors decreases growth of PDAC cells (AsPC1, CD18, and Panc1) in collagen. Transfection with siRNA against BRD4, which is increased in human PDAC tumors, also decreases growth of PDAC cells. BET inhibitors additionally decrease growth in collagen of PDAC cells that have undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or have become resistant to chemotherapy. Although BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA repress c-MYC only in AsPC1 and CD18 cells, downregulating c-MYC decreases growth of all three PDAC cell lines in collagen. FOSL1, which is also targeted by BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA in AsPC1, CD18, and Panc1 cells, additionally regulates growth of all three PDAC cell lines in collagen. BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA repress HMGA2, an architectural protein that modulates chromatin state and also contributes to chemoresistance, in PDAC cells grown in collagen. Importantly, we show that there is a statistically significant correlation between BRD4 and HMGA2 in human PDAC tumors. Significantly, overexpression of HMGA2 partially mitigates the effect of BET inhibitors on growth and c-MYC and/or FOSL1 expression in collagen. Overall, these results demonstrate that BET inhibitors block growth of PDAC cells in collagen and that BET proteins may be potential targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sahai
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Surgical Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | - Sania S Raza
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - David J Bentrem
- Surgical Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Acute cholecystitis is defined as inflammation of the gallbladder and is usually caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. Cholescintigraphy is the most sensitive imaging modality for cholecystitis. The gold standard treatment of acute cholecystitis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Operating early in the disease course decreases overall hospital stay and avoids increased complications, conversion to open procedures, and mortality. Cholecystitis during pregnancy is a challenging problem for surgeons. Operative intervention is generally safe for both mother and fetus, given the improved morbidity of the laparoscopic approach compared with open, although increased caution should be exercised in women with gallstone pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Knab
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Building Room 3-250, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Boller
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, NMH/Arkes Family Pavilion Suite 650, 676 North Saint Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David M Mahvi
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, NMH/Arkes Family Pavilion Suite 650, 676 North Saint Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Knab LM, Salem R, Mahvi DM. In Brief. Curr Probl Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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