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Scheidel A, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Bara AH, Del Bene D, David-Chavez DM, Fanari E, Garba I, Hanaˇek K, Liu J, Martínez-Alier J, Navas G, Reyes-García V, Roy B, Temper L, Thiri MA, Tran D, Walter M, Whyte KP. Global impacts of extractive and industrial development projects on Indigenous Peoples' lifeways, lands, and rights. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade9557. [PMID: 37285420 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do extractive and industrial development pressures affect Indigenous Peoples' lifeways, lands, and rights globally? We analyze 3081 environmental conflicts over development projects to quantify Indigenous Peoples' exposure to 11 reported social-environmental impacts jeopardizing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples are affected in at least 34% of all documented environmental conflicts worldwide. More than three-fourths of these conflicts are caused by mining, fossil fuels, dam projects, and the agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and livestock (AFFL) sector. Landscape loss (56% of cases), livelihood loss (52%), and land dispossession (50%) are reported to occur globally most often and are significantly more frequent in the AFFL sector. The resulting burdens jeopardize Indigenous rights and impede the realization of global environmental justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Scheidel
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anju Helen Bara
- Department of Development Studies, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Daniela Del Bene
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique M David-Chavez
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eleonora Fanari
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibrahim Garba
- Native Nations Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ksenija Hanaˇek
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Global Development Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Liu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Joan Martínez-Alier
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Grettel Navas
- Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Reyes-García
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brototi Roy
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leah Temper
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - May Aye Thiri
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dalena Tran
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Walter
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyle Powys Whyte
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Dauger S, Blanot S, Deho A, Beaux J, Bonnin F, Bordet F, Cremer R, Dupont S, Klusiewicz A, Lafargue A, Lemains M, Michel F, Quéré R, Blanquat LDS, Samyn M, Saulnier ML, Temper L, Merchaoui Z, Roux BGL. Organ donation by Maastricht-III pediatric patients: Recommendations of the Groupe Francophone de Réanimation et Urgences Pédiatriques (GFRUP) and Association des Anesthésistes Réanimateurs Pédiatriques d'Expression Française (ADARPEF). Part II: Specific organizational and technical considerations. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:509-515. [PMID: 36055866 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A panel of pediatric experts met to develop recommendations on the technical requirements specific to pediatric controlled donation after planned withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies (Maastricht category III). The panel recommends following the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies protocol usually applied in each unit, which may or may not include immediate extubation. The organ retrieval process should be halted if death does not occur within 3 h of life-support discontinuation. Circulatory arrest is defined as loss of pulsatile arterial pressure and should be followed by a 5-min no-touch observation period. Death is declared based on a list of clinical criteria assessed by two senior physicians. The no-flow time should be no longer than 30, 45, and 90 min for the liver, kidneys, and lungs, respectively. At present, the panel does not recommend pediatric heart donation after death by circulatory arrest. The mean arterial pressure cutoff that defines the start of the functional warm ischemia (FWI) phase is 45 mmHg in patients older than 5 years and/or weighing more than 20 kg. The panel recommends normothermic regional perfusion in these patients. The FWI phase should not exceed 30 and 45 min for retrieving the pancreas and liver, respectively. There is no time limit to the FWI phase for the lungs and kidneys. The panel recommends routine sharing of experience with Maastricht-III donation among all healthcare institutions involved in order to ensure optimal outcome assessment and continuous discussion on the potential difficulties, notably those related to the management of normothermic regional perfusion in small children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dauger
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Pédiatriques, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France; Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, France.
| | - S Blanot
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France; Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | - A Deho
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Pédiatriques, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France; Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | - J Beaux
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Université de Marseille, France
| | - F Bonnin
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | - F Bordet
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hôpitaux Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, France
| | - R Cremer
- Espace de réflexion éthique régional des Hauts-de-France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, France; Service de Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, France
| | - S Dupont
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | - A Klusiewicz
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Saclay, France
| | - A Lafargue
- Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Université de Lille, France
| | - M Lemains
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Saclay, France
| | - F Michel
- Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Université de Marseille, France
| | - R Quéré
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | - L de Saint Blanquat
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | - M Samyn
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Saclay, France
| | - M-L Saulnier
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Université de Nantes, France
| | - L Temper
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Z Merchaoui
- Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvements d'Organes et de Tissus, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Saclay, France; Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et de Médecine Néonatale, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-Saclay, France
| | - B Gaillard-Le Roux
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Université de Nantes, France
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Gaillard-Le Roux B, Cremer R, de Saint Blanquat L, Beaux J, Blanot S, Bonnin F, Bordet F, Deho A, Dupont S, Klusiewicz A, Lafargue A, Lemains M, Merchaoui Z, Quéré R, Samyn M, Saulnier ML, Temper L, Michel F, Dauger S. Organ donation by Maastricht-III pediatric patients: Recommendations of the Groupe Francophone de Réanimation et Urgences Pédiatriques (GFRUP) and Association des Anesthésistes Réanimateurs Pédiatriques d'Expression Française (ADARPEF) Part I: Ethical considerations and family care. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:502-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Scheidel A, Del Bene D, Liu J, Navas G, Mingorría S, Demaria F, Avila S, Roy B, Ertör I, Temper L, Martínez-Alier J. Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview. Glob Environ Change 2020; 63:102104. [PMID: 32801483 PMCID: PMC7418451 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743 cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved, as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability. Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%), which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental defenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Scheidel
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Del Bene
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Liu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author at: Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Grettel Navas
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Mingorría
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Demaria
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofía Avila
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brototi Roy
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irmak Ertör
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- The Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leah Temper
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Canada
| | - Joan Martínez-Alier
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Temper L. Environmental Justice: Approaches, Dimensions, and Movements. Ecology 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental justice (EJ) is the struggle for access to a safe and healthy environment free from pollution and for access to the environmental resources needed for survival, well being, and social reproduction. The term environmental justice was originally born in the United States from the resistance of African American communities linked to the civil rights movement protesting toxic dumping and the siting of hazardous facilities in their communities. Scholars soon joined activists, concerned citizens, and religious leaders and communities to systematically document injustices and demonstrate that “pollution is not color blind” by demonstrating that disparities of environmental exposure exist among racial lines. EJ provided a powerful challenge to the mainstream current of the environmentalism definition of environment and nature, which focused on wilderness conservation and natural areas, such as national parks and endangered species. Environmental justice considers the inseparability of the environment from everyday life and redefines the environment as “the places where people live, work, and play.” Over time, the environmental justice framing has continually expanded to engage with multiple spatialities and forms of inequalities and has brought a far wider range of issues under the umbrella of what is the environment. In the early 21st century, environmental justice can best be understood as a shared frame and coalition of anti-toxics; labor, civil rights, indigenous, environmental, and feminist movements; and radical scholars, among others. Their common conviction is that environmental problems are largely structural and political issues that cannot be solved apart from social and economic justice and that these call for a transformative approach and the restructuring of dominant economic models, social relations, and institutional arrangements. From an initial focus on the socio-spatial distribution of “bads” (emissions, toxins) and then “goods,” (parks, green spaces, services, healthy food), environmental justice in the early 21st century encompasses a huge array of issues and has increasingly taken on transnational and transdisciplinary character and has become a meeting place for action-research among a growing network of activists, scholars, and nongovernmental organizations. EJ can be said to be a “theory in practice,” in constant coevolution and redefinition by many activist groups, international coalitions, and intellectuals.
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Scheidel A, Temper L, Demaria F, Martínez-Alier J. Ecological distribution conflicts as forces for sustainability: an overview and conceptual framework. Sustain Sci 2017; 13:585-598. [PMID: 30147788 PMCID: PMC6086280 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-017-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Can ecological distribution conflicts turn into forces for sustainability? This overview paper addresses in a systematic conceptual manner the question of why, through whom, how, and when conflicts over the use of the environment may take an active role in shaping transitions toward sustainability. It presents a conceptual framework that schematically maps out the linkages between (a) patterns of (unsustainable) social metabolism, (b) the emergence of ecological distribution conflicts, (c) the rise of environmental justice movements, and (d) their potential contributions for sustainability transitions. The ways how these four processes can influence each other are multi-faceted and often not a foretold story. Yet, ecological distribution conflicts can have an important role for sustainability, because they relentlessly bring to light conflicting values over the environment as well as unsustainable resource uses affecting people and the planet. Environmental justice movements, born out of such conflicts, become key actors in politicizing such unsustainable resource uses, but moreover, they take sometimes also radical actions to stop them. By drawing on creative forms of mobilizations and diverse repertoires of action to effectively reduce unsustainabilities, they can turn from 'victims' of environmental injustices into 'warriors' for sustainability. But when will improvements in sustainability be lasting? By looking at the overall dynamics between the four processes, we aim to foster a more systematic understanding of the dynamics and roles of ecological distribution conflicts within sustainability processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Scheidel
- International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), The Hague, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leah Temper
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Demaria
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Martínez-Alier
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Singh SJ, Krausmann F, Gingrich S, Haberl H, Erb KH, Lanz P, Martinez-Alier J, Temper L. India's biophysical economy, 1961-2008. Sustainability in a national and global context. Ecol Econ 2012; 76-341:60-69. [PMID: 23565033 PMCID: PMC3617596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
India's economic growth in the last decade has raised several concerns in terms of its present and future resource demands for materials and energy. While per capita resource consumption is still extremely modest but on the rise, its sheer population qualifies India as a fast growing giant with material and energy throughput that is growing rapidly . If such national and local trends continue, the challenges for regional, national as well as global sustainability are immense in terms of future resource availability, social conflicts, pressure on land and ecosystems and atmospheric emissions. Using the concepts of social metabolism and material flow analysis, this paper presents an original study quantifying resource use trajectories for India from 1961 up to 2008. We argue for India's need to grow in order to be able to provide a reasonable material standard of living for its vast population. To this end, the challenge is in avoiding the precarious path so far followed by industrialised countries in Europe and Asia, but to opt for a regime shift towards sustainability in terms of resource use by building on a host of promising examples and taking opportunities of existing niches to make India a trendsetter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simron Jit Singh
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fridolin Krausmann
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Gingrich
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Lanz
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joan Martinez-Alier
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leah Temper
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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