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Klostermann J, van de Sandt K, Harley M, Hildén M, Leiter T, van Minnen J, Pieterse N, van Bree L. Towards a framework to assess, compare and develop monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation in Europe. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 2015; 23:187-209. [PMID: 30093829 PMCID: PMC6054010 DOI: 10.1007/s11027-015-9678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation is increasingly recognised as essential when dealing with the adverse impacts of climate change on societies, economies and the environment. However, there is insufficient information about the effectiveness of adaption policies, measures and actions. For this reason, the establishment of monitoring programmes is considered to be necessary. Such programmes can contribute to knowledge, learning and data to support adaptation governance. In the European Union (EU), member states are encouraged to develop National Adaptation Strategies (NASs). The NASs developed so far vary widely because of differing views, approaches and policies. A number of member states have progressed to monitoring and evaluating the implementation of their NAS. It is possible to identify key elements in these monitoring programmes that can inform the wider policy learning process. In this paper, four generic building blocks for creating a monitoring and evaluation programme are proposed: (1) definition of the system of interest, (2) selection of a set of indicators, (3) identification of the organisations responsible for monitoring and (4) definition of monitoring and evaluation procedures. The monitoring programmes for NAS in three member states-Finland, the UK and Germany-were analysed to show how these elements have been used in practice, taking into account their specific contexts. It is asserted that the provision of a common framework incorporating these elements will help other member states and organisations within them in setting up and improving their adaptation monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klostermann
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, WUR-Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kaj van de Sandt
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, WUR-Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Timo Leiter
- Competence Centre for Climate Change, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jelle van Minnen
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency PBL, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nico Pieterse
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency PBL, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leendert van Bree
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency PBL, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Wardekker JA, de Jong A, van Bree L, Turkenburg WC, van der Sluijs JP. Health risks of climate change: an assessment of uncertainties and its implications for adaptation policies. Environ Health 2012; 11:67. [PMID: 22992311 PMCID: PMC3506559 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Projections of health risks of climate change are surrounded with uncertainties in knowledge. Understanding of these uncertainties will help the selection of appropriate adaptation policies. METHODS We made an inventory of conceivable health impacts of climate change, explored the type and level of uncertainty for each impact, and discussed its implications for adaptation policy. A questionnaire-based expert elicitation was performed using an ordinal scoring scale. Experts were asked to indicate the level of precision with which health risks can be estimated, given the present state of knowledge. We assessed the individual scores, the expertise-weighted descriptive statistics, and the argumentation given for each score. Suggestions were made for how dealing with uncertainties could be taken into account in climate change adaptation policy strategies. RESULTS The results showed that the direction of change could be indicated for most anticipated health effects. For several potential effects, too little knowledge exists to indicate whether any impact will occur, or whether the impact will be positive or negative. For several effects, rough 'order-of-magnitude' estimates were considered possible. Factors limiting health impact quantification include: lack of data, multi-causality, unknown impacts considering a high-quality health system, complex cause-effect relations leading to multi-directional impacts, possible changes of present-day response-relations, and difficulties in predicting local climate impacts. Participants considered heat-related mortality and non-endemic vector-borne diseases particularly relevant for climate change adaptation. CONCLUSIONS For possible climate related health impacts characterised by ignorance, adaptation policies that focus on enhancing the health system's and society's capability of dealing with possible future changes, uncertainties and surprises (e.g. through resilience, flexibility, and adaptive capacity) are most appropriate. For climate related health effects for which rough risk estimates are available, 'robust decision-making' is recommended. For health effects with limited societal and policy relevance, we recommend focusing on no-regret measures. For highly relevant health effects, precautionary measures can be considered. This study indicated that analysing and characterising uncertainty by means of a typology can be a very useful approach for selection and prioritization of preferred adaptation policies to reduce future climate related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arjan Wardekker
- Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arie de Jong
- Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leendert van Bree
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), P.O. Box 30314, 2500 GH, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Wim C Turkenburg
- Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van der Sluijs
- Department of Innovation, Environmental and Energy Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Janssen NAH, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, ten Brink H, Keuken M, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1691-9. [PMID: 21810552 PMCID: PMC3261976 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current air quality standards for particulate matter (PM) use the PM mass concentration [PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM(10)) or ≤ 2.5 μm (PM(2.5))] as a metric. It has been suggested that particles from combustion sources are more relevant to human health than are particles from other sources, but the impact of policies directed at reducing PM from combustion processes is usually relatively small when effects are estimated for a reduction in the total mass concentration. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the value of black carbon particles (BCP) as an additional indicator in air quality management. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of health effects of BCP compared with PM mass based on data from time-series studies and cohort studies that measured both exposures. We compared the potential health benefits of a hypothetical traffic abatement measure, using near-roadway concentration increments of BCP and PM(2.5) based on data from prior studies. RESULTS Estimated health effects of a 1-μg/m3 increase in exposure were greater for BCP than for PM(10) or PM(2.5), but estimated effects of an interquartile range increase were similar. Two-pollutant models in time-series studies suggested that the effect of BCP was more robust than the effect of PM mass. The estimated increase in life expectancy associated with a hypothetical traffic abatement measure was four to nine times higher when expressed in BCP compared with an equivalent change in PM(2.5) mass. CONCLUSION BCP is a valuable additional air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of air quality dominated by primary combustion particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A H Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Dormans JAMA, Bloemen HJT, Leseman DLAC, Boere AJF, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Jimenez AA, Donaldson K, Guastadisegni C, Janssen NAH, Brunekreef B, Sandström T, van Bree L, Cassee FR. Toxicity of Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter from Sites with Contrasting Traffic Profiles. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:1055-69. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701626261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bree LV, Reuzel PGJ, Verhoef MA, Bos J, Rombout PJA. Effects of Acute Inhalation of Respirable Coal Fly Ash on Metabolic Defense Capability of the Rat Lung. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379009145263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Craig L, Krewski D, Samet J, Shortreed J, van Bree L, Krupnick AJ. International perspectives on air quality: risk management principles for policy development--conference statement. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008; 71:4-8. [PMID: 18080887 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701557321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This statement is the result of discussions held at the 2005 NERAM IV Colloquium "International Perspectives on Air Quality: Risk Management Principles for Policy Development" and represents the collective views of 35 delegates, including international air quality policy analysts, academics, nongovernmental organizations, industry representatives, and decision makers from Mexico, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Hong Kong, and The Netherlands on principles for global air quality management. The objective of the colloquium was to "establish principles for air quality management based on the identification of international best practice in air quality policy development and implementation." This statement represents the main findings of a breakout group discussion session, presentations of an international panel of speakers from Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Hong Kong and views of the delegates expressed in plenary discussions. NERAM undertook a transparent process to try to ensure that the statement would accurately reflect the conference discussions, including documenting the proceedings and inviting delegates' comments on draft versions of the statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Craig
- Institute for Risk Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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van Bree L, Fudge N, Tuomisto JT, Brunekreef B. Closing the gap between science and policy on air pollution and health. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007; 70:377-81. [PMID: 17365601 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600885088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses critical issues underlying the interface between air quality science, stakeholder participation, and policy development within the context of the European AIRNET Network multistakeholder project. The paper argues that it is not only the content of air pollution and health issues that stakeholders consider important, but also the process and mechanisms by which the interface operates. A visual representation of the interaction between science, society, and stakeholders in the development, dissemination, and evaluation of effective air quality policy strategies is provided. The paper discusses the role of AIRNET in supporting the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) program and assesses the AIRNET experience in establishing a network to bridge the gap between air quality policy, stakeholders, the public, and scientific communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert van Bree
- Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Sanderson EG, Fudge N, Totlandsdal AI, Brunekreef B, van Bree L. Stakeholder needs for air pollution and health information. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2006; 69:1819-25. [PMID: 16905511 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600631557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the European Commission-supported thematic network project AIRNET, a stakeholder survey was performed to identify key questions and issues of concern for end users regarding air pollution and health information. On the whole, survey respondents typically asked general questions concerning air pollution and health (i.e., regarding the type of pollutant, emission sources, monitoring, and health impact). Furthermore, an overwhelming response across all stakeholder categories was not the unavailability of information sources to inform policy, but the lack of time available to read and absorb all the information. Overall, the respondents expressed their preference for information that is (1) presented as short and clear overviews, (2) ready for policy use by including a practical linkage between the research findings and implementation of public protection, and (3) in a format easily passed on to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gordon Sanderson
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sanderson EG, Fudge N, Totlandsdal AI, Hovelynck I, Korbee H, Rameckers E, Brunekreef B, van Bree L. Meeting report: national workshops for the communication of air pollution and health information: summary of four workshops in different regions of Europe. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:1108-12. [PMID: 16835066 PMCID: PMC1513339 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
AIRNET was a thematic network project (2002-2004) initiated to stimulate the interaction between researchers in air pollution and health in Europe. As part of AIRNET's communication strategy, a standardized workshop model was developed to organize national meetings on air pollution and health (AIRNET network days) . Emphasis was given to tailor the national workshop information and related activities to the specific needs of a wider range of stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, industry representatives) . In this report we present an overview of the results of four workshops held in western, northern, central/eastern, and southern regions of Europe in 2004. Overall, workshop experiences indicated that by actively involving participants in the planning of each meeting, AIRNET helped create an event that addressed participants' needs and interests. A wide range of communication formats used to discuss air pollution and health also helped stimulate active interaction among participants. Overall, the national workshops held by AIRNET offered a way to improve communication among the different stakeholders. Because a broad stakeholder involvement in decision making can positively affect the development of widely supported policies, such meetings should be continued for Europe and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gordon Sanderson
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Boere AJF, Leseman DLAC, Dormans JAMA, Sandström T, Salonen RO, van Bree L, Cassee FR. Effects of particulate matter on the pulmonary and vascular system: time course in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:2. [PMID: 15813961 PMCID: PMC1079943 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was performed within the scope of two multi-center European Commission-funded projects (HEPMEAP and PAMCHAR) concerning source-composition-toxicity relationship for particulate matter (PM) sampled in Europe. The present study aimed to optimize the design for PM in vivo toxicity screening studies in terms of dose and time between a single exposure and the determination of the biological responses in a rat model mimicking human disease resulting in susceptibility to ambient PM. Dust in thoracic PM size-range (aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) was sampled nearby a road tunnel (RTD) using a high volume cascade impactor. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to urban dust collected in Ottawa, Canada (EHC-93 10 mg/kg of body weight; reference PM) or different RTD doses (0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg of body weight) by intratracheal instillation. Necropsy was performed at 4, 24, or 48 hr after exposure. Results The neutrophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased tremendously after exposure to the highest RTD doses or EHC-93. Furthermore, PM exposure slightly affected blood coagulation since there was a small but significant increase in the plasma fibrinogen levels (factor 1.2). Pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress as well as changes in blood coagulation factors and circulating blood cell populations were observed within the range of 3 to 10 mg PM/kg of body weight without significant pulmonary injury. Conclusion The optimal dose for determining the toxicity ranking of ambient derived PM samples in spontaneously hypertensive rats is suggested to be between 3 and 10 mg PM/kg of body weight under the conditions used in the present study. At a lower dose only some inflammatory effects were detected, which will probably be too few to be able to discriminate between PM samples while a completely different response pattern was observed with the highest dose. In addition to the dose, a 24-hr interval from exposure to sacrifice seemed appropriate to assess the relative toxic potency of PM since the majority of the health effects were observed one day after PM exposure compared to the other times examined. The aforementioned considerations provide a good basis for conducting PM toxicity screening studies in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Gerlofs-Nijland
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A John F Boere
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan LAC Leseman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan AMA Dormans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raimo O Salonen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leendert van Bree
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Lippmann M, Bachmann JD, Cassee FR, Cassee FR, van Bree L, Driscoll KE, Phalen RF, Pope CA, Soderholm SC, Wilson WE. Report of the Particulate Matter Research Strategies Workshop, Park City, Utah, April 29–30, 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/1047322x.1998.10389575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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