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Weerasinghe M, Jobe L, Konradsen F, Eddleston M, Pearson M, Jayamanne S, Hawton K, Gunnell D, Agampodi S. Differences in the characteristics of people who purchase pesticides from shops for self-harm versus those who use pesticides available in the domestic environment in Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:901-911. [PMID: 37871998 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data from South Asia indicate that for 15%-20% of suicide attempts, pesticides are purchased from shops; otherwise, pesticides are obtained from an individual's house or nearby environment. We aimed to investigate the difference between individuals who directly purchase pesticides from shops for suicide attempts and suicide deaths versus those related to accessing the pesticides from an individual's house or nearby environment. METHODS We conducted two comparative studies in rural Sri Lanka: (1) non-fatal shop cases (n = 50) were survivors of self-poisoning with pesticides who ingested the pesticides after purchasing them from a shop; non-fatal domestic cases (n = 192) were survivors who accessed pesticides from their house or nearby environment. (2) fatal shop cases (n = 50) were individuals who died after ingesting pesticides they purchased for the act; fatal domestic cases (n = 102) were patients who died after ingesting pesticides they accessed at house or nearby environment. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the characteristics which distinguished between the shop and domestic cases. RESULTS Data indicate that 20.7% and 32.9% of individuals who used pesticides for suicide attempts and suicide deaths had purchased them from shops, respectively. Being a non-farmer was the main distinguishing characteristic of shop cases: adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 8.9, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.2-24.4 for non-fatal shop cases, and AOR 4.0, 95% CI 1.5-10.6 for fatal shop cases. Non-fatal shop cases also had higher suicide intent (AOR 3.0, CI 1.0-8.9), and ingesting an insecticide (AOR 4.8, CI 1.8-1.0-8.9) than non-fatal domestic cases. CONCLUSION A high suicide intent of individuals who purchase pesticides for the event explains the high proportion of such fatal cases. Such high suicide intent makes the prevention implications difficult to spell out for those individuals who purchase pesticides for self-poisoning. However, our findings are valuable for clinicians to assess pesticide poisoning cases in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Weerasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lei Jobe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eddleston
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa Pearson
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shaluka Jayamanne
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Gunnell
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Public Health, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
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Sere Y, Sorho F, Onasanya A, Jobe L, Darboe S, Bojang Y, Touray ML, Pinel-Galzi A, Fargette D. First Report of Rice yellow mottle virus in Rice in The Gambia. Plant Dis 2008; 92:316. [PMID: 30769417 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-2-0316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) of the genus Sobemovirus is a major biotic constraint to rice (Oryza sativa) production in Africa. First reported in Kenya during 1966, RYMV was later found in most countries in Africa where rice is grown (1). In countries in westernmost Africa (The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, and Senegal), plants with leaf yellowing and mottling symptoms were observed, but RYMV was never isolated. Rice is the staple food in The Gambia. In 2006, four samples were collected from local rice varieties in the Kuntaur Region in the center of The Gambia. Mechanical inoculation with leaf extracts from all samples caused typical yellow mottle symptoms on the susceptible rice varieties BG90-2, Bouaké 189, and IR64. RYMV was detected in the four samples collected by ELISA with polyclonal antisera (2). The 720-nt coat protein gene was amplified for each isolate by reverse-transcriptase-PCR with primers 5'-CAAAGATGGCCAGGAA-3' (sense) and 5'-CTCCCCCACCCATCCCGAGAATT-3' (antisense) (2). The RT-PCR products were directly sequenced (EMBL Accession Nos. AM765810, AM765811, AM765812, and AM765813) and then aligned using ClustalW with a pool of RYMV coat protein sequences from West African isolates (EMBL Accession Nos. AJ279905, AJ279901, AJ885137, AJ885124, and AJ279935). Phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum-likelihood with PAUP indicated that the isolates from The Gambia formed a monophyletic group with over 97% nucleotide identity and are closely related to isolates of other countries in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, and Sierra-Leone) with 91 to 94% identity. Detection of RYMV in The Gambia indicates that RYMV is present in westernmost Africa, which is referred to as the 'rice belt' of Africa, and shows that RYMV is widely distributed from eastern Africa (Tanzania) to the western part of the continent. References: (1) N. K. Kouassi et al. Plant Dis. 89:124, 2005. (2) A. Pinel et al. Arch. Virol. 145:1621, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sere
- Africa Rice Center (WARDA), 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - F Sorho
- Africa Rice Center (WARDA), 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - A Onasanya
- Africa Rice Center (WARDA), 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - L Jobe
- National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), PMB 526 Brikama, The Gambia
| | - S Darboe
- National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), PMB 526 Brikama, The Gambia
| | - Y Bojang
- National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), PMB 526 Brikama, The Gambia
| | - M L Touray
- National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), PMB 526 Brikama, The Gambia
| | | | - D Fargette
- IRD, BP 64501 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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