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Kolberg L, de Carvalho A, Babineau M, Havron N, Fiévet AC, Abaurre B, Christophe A. "The tiger is hitting! the duck too!" 3-year-olds can use prosodic information to constrain their interpretation of ellipsis. Cognition 2021; 213:104626. [PMID: 33593594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to investigate French children's ability to use phrasal boundaries for disambiguation of a type of ambiguity not yet studied, namely stripping sentences versus simple transitive sentences. We used stripping sentences such as "[Le tigre tape]! [Le canard aussi]!" ("[The tiger is hitting]! [The duck too]!", in which both the tiger and the duck are hitting), which, without the prosodic information, would be ambiguous with a transitive sentence such as "[Le tigre] [tape le canard aussi]!" ("[The tiger] [is hitting the duck too]!", in which the tiger is hitting the duck). We presented 3-to-4-year-olds and 28-month-olds with one of the two types of sentence above, while they watched two videos side-by-side on a screen: one depicting the transitive interpretation of the sentences, and another depicting the stripping interpretation. The stripping interpretation video showed the two characters as agents of the named action (e.g. a duck and a tiger hitting a bunny), and the transitive interpretation video showed only the first character as an agent, and the second character as a patient of the action (e.g. the tiger hitting the duck and the bunny). The results showed that 3-to-4-year-olds use prosodic information to correctly distinguish stripping sentences from transitive sentences, as they looked significantly more at the appropriate video, while 28-month-olds show only a trend in the same direction. While recent studies demonstrated that from 18 months of age, infants are able to use phrasal prosody to guide the syntactic analysis of ambiguous sentences, our results show that only 3-to-4-year-olds were able to reliably use phrasal prosody to constrain the parsing of stripping sentences. We discuss several factors that can explain this delay, such as differences in the frequency of these structures in child-directed speech, as well as in the complexity of the sentences and of the experimental task. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence on the role of prosody in constraining parsing in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Kolberg
- Departamento de Linguística, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Alex de Carvalho
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Department of Psychology, UniversitÉ de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mireille Babineau
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, DEC-ENS/EHESS/CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France; Maternité Port-Royal, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Naomi Havron
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, DEC-ENS/EHESS/CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France; University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anne-Caroline Fiévet
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, DEC-ENS/EHESS/CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France; Maternité Port-Royal, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Bernadete Abaurre
- Departamento de Linguística, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anne Christophe
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, DEC-ENS/EHESS/CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France; Maternité Port-Royal, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, France
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Hansen M, Ziegler M, Kolberg L, Soni R, Dirkmann S, Mussenbrock T, Kohlstedt H. A double barrier memristive device. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13753. [PMID: 26348823 PMCID: PMC4562229 DOI: 10.1038/srep13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantum mechanical memristive Nb/Al/Al2O3/NbxOy/Au device which consists of an ultra-thin memristive layer (NbxOy) sandwiched between an Al2O3 tunnel barrier and a Schottky-like contact. A highly uniform current distribution for the LRS (low resistance state) and HRS (high resistance state) for areas ranging between 70 μm2 and 2300 μm2 were obtained, which indicates a non-filamentary based resistive switching mechanism. In a detailed experimental and theoretical analysis we show evidence that resistive switching originates from oxygen diffusion and modifications of the local electronic interface states within the NbxOy layer, which influences the interface properties of the Au (Schottky) contact and of the Al2O3 tunneling barrier, respectively. The presented device might offer several benefits like an intrinsic current compliance, improved retention and no need for an electric forming procedure, which is especially attractive for possible applications in highly dense random access memories or neuromorphic mixed signal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hansen
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - M. Ziegler
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - L. Kolberg
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - R. Soni
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - S. Dirkmann
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - T. Mussenbrock
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - H. Kohlstedt
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany
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