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Zou JH, Hua BT, Shao XX, Wang C, Li H, Lu YN, Tian X, Li ZX, Pu LJ, Wang J. Redefining left bundle branch block from high-density electroanatomical mapping. Int J Cardiol 2024; 402:131830. [PMID: 38320669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing ECG criteria for diagnosing left bundle branch block (LBBB) are insufficient to distinguish between true and false blocks accurately. METHODS We hypothesized that the notch width of the QRS complex in the lateral leads (I, avL, V5, V6) on the LBBB-like ECG could further confirm the diagnosis of true complete left bundle branch block (t-LBBB). We conducted high-density, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping in the cardiac chambers of 37 patients scheduled to undergo CRT. These patients' preoperative electrocardiograms met the ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines for the diagnosis of complete LBBB. If the left bundle branch potential could be mapped from the base of the heart to the apex on the left ventricular septum, it was defined as a false complete left bundle branch block (f-LBBB). Otherwise, it was categorized as a t-LBBB. We conducted a comparative analysis between the two groups, considering the clinical characteristics, real-time correspondence between the spread of ventricular electrical excitation and the QRS wave, QRS notch width of the lateral leads (I, avL, V5, V6), and the notch width/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Nw/LVd) ratio. We performed the ROC correlation analysis of Nw/LVd and t-LBBB to determine the sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic authenticity. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were included in the t-LBBB group, while 12 patients were assigned to the f-LBBB group. Within the t-LBBB group, the first peak of the QRS notch correlated with the depolarization of the right ventricle and septum, the trough corresponded to the depolarization of the left ventricle across the left ventricle, and the second peak aligned with the depolarization of the left ventricular free wall. In contrast, within the f-LBBB group, the first peak coincided with the depolarization of the right ventricle and a majority of the left ventricle, the second peak occurred due to the depolarization of the latest, locally-activated myocardium in the left ventricle, and the trough was a result of delayed activation of the left ventricle that did not align with the usual peak timing. The QRS notch width (45.2 ± 12.3 ms vs. 52.5 ± 9.2 ms, P < 0.05) and the Nw/LVd ratio (0.65 ± 0.19 ms/mm vs. 0.81 ± 0.17 ms/mm, P < 0.05) were compared between the two groups. After conducting the ROC correlation analysis, a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 91.7% for diagnosing t-LBBB using Nw/LVd were obtained. CONCLUSION By utilizing the current diagnostic criteria for LBBB, an increased Nw/LVd value can enhance the effectiveness of diagnosing LBBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Zou
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bao-Tong Hua
- The third Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- The third Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The third Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Lu
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Tian
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Jin Pu
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- The first Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Hua BT, Pu LJ, Tian X, Song WJ, Li H, Wang C, Shao XX, Li R, Li SM, Li ZX, Zou JH, Zhao L, Wang J. Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping guidelines for the selection of pacing site to achieve cardiac resynchronization therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:843969. [PMID: 36247431 PMCID: PMC9562822 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.843969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the feasibility of left ventricular electroanatomical mapping to choose between left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) or coronary venous pacing (CVP).BackgroundThere are several ways to achieve left ventricular activation in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): LBBAP and CVP are two possible methods of delivering CRT. However, the criteria for choosing the best approach remains unknown.MethodsA total of 71 patients with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and left bundle branch block (LBBB) were recruited, of which 38 patients underwent the three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping of the left ventricle to accurately assess whether the left bundle branch was blocked and the block level, while the remaining 33 patients were not mapped. Patients with true LBBB achieved CRT by LBBAP, while patients with pseudo-LBBB achieved CRT by CVP. After a mean follow-up of 6 months and 1 year, the QRS duration and transthoracic echocardiography, including mechanical synchrony indices, were evaluated.ResultsTwenty-five patients with true LBBB received LBBAP, while 13 without true LBBB received CVP. Seventeen patients received LBBAP, and 16 patients received CVP without mapping. Paced QRS duration after the implantation of LBBAP and CVP was significantly narrower in the mapping subgroup compared to the non-mapping subgroup. A significant increase in post-implantation left ventricular ejection fraction was observed in patients with LBBAP or CVP, and the mapping subgroup were better than the non-mapping subgroup. After a 12-month follow-up, atrioventricular, intraventricular, and biventricular synchronization were significantly improved in the mapping subgroup compared to non-mapping groups in both LBBAP and CVP.ConclusionIn our study, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping was used to choose LBBAP or CVP for heart failure patients, which proved feasible, with better cardiac resynchronization in the long-term follow-up. Therefore, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping before CRT appears to be a reliable method for heart failure patients with LBBB who are indicated for CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Tong Hua
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Jin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Juan Song
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shu-Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Hua Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Ling Zhao
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Wang
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Wang L, Zeng YQ, Gu JH, Song R, Cang PH, Xu YX, Shao XX, Pu LJ, Luo HY, Zhou XF. Novel oral edaravone attenuates diastolic dysfunction of diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174846. [PMID: 35202676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of diastolic dysfunction associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel oral edaravone (OED) alleviates oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and may be suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Oral administration of OED to type 2 diabetic rats (induced by high-sugar/high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin) for 4 w decreased malondialdehyde and increased superoxide dismutase. Moreover, it significantly improved ratios of early to late diastolic peak velocity, myocardium hypertrophy accompanied by decreased cross-sectional areas of cardiomyocytes, the proportion of apoptotic cells, collagen volume fractions, and deposition of collagen I/III. In H9c2 cells, OED reduced reactive oxygen species, cell surface area, and numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells induced by glucolipotoxicity. OED remarkably upregulated expression of the nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, OED promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and upregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase. Silencing of Nrf2 abolished the protective effect of OED in H9c2 cells. Our findings demonstrate that OED has the therapeutic potential to ameliorate diastolic dysfunction associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Its effect was mainly achieved by attenuating hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and fibrosis by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 296 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yue-Qin Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regeneration Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juan-Hua Gu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regeneration Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 376 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Peng-Hui Cang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 296 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yong-Xuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 296 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 296 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Li-Jin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 296 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Hai-Yun Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, 101 Currie Street, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
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Yan YT, Li SD, Li C, Xiong YX, Lu XH, Zhou XF, Yang LQ, Pu LJ, Luo HY. Panax notoginsenoside saponins Rb1 regulates the expressions of Akt/ mTOR/PTEN signals in the hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 345:83-92. [PMID: 29501622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginsenoside saponins Rb1 (PNS-Rb1) is an important active ingredient of panax notoginseng for effective treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying its actions in the state of cerebral ischemia is still unclear. We asked whether the potential neuroprotection of PNS-Rb1 on the brain is due to, at least partially, its modulation of AkT/mTOR/PTEN signalling pathway along with down-regulation of caspase-3 in rats subjected to phototrombic stroke. To test this hypothesis, rats with induced photothrombotic stroke were treated with PNS-Rb1 (applied in three different doses, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg, respectively) or saline, while sham operated rats injected with saline were used as the control. Our results indicate that PNS-Rb1 significantly alleviated the morphological lesion concomitant with improvement of cognitive and sensorimotor deficits induced by ischemic stroke. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses showed that PNS Rb1 in a dose dependent manner increased the expressions of P-Akt, P-mTOR and reduced P-PTEN and caspase-3. The present study suggests that the improvement of cognitive and sensorimotor deficits by PNS-Rb1 is made, at least partially, by the modulation of the Akt/mTOR/PTEN signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Shu-De Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yun-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xue-Hai Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Cardiovascular Division and Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Li-Jin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Hai-Yun Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
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Pu LJ, Wang Y, Zhao L, Luo ZL, Hua BT, Han MH, Li SM, Yang J, Li L, Peng YZ, Guo T. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with right ventricular sense triggered left ventricular pacing benefits for the hemodynamics compared with standard CRT for chronic congestive heart failure: A cross-over study. Cardiol J 2014; 22:80-6. [PMID: 25179313 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2014.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with right ventricular (RV) sense triggered left ventricular (LV) pacing for chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS Thirty patients who were eligible for the Class I indication of CRT were enrolled and the informed consents were signed. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), diastolic mitral flow velocity time integral (VTI), mitral regurgitation flow VTI, and aortic valve flow VTI were measured with GE Vivid 7 (GE Medical, Milwaukee, WI, USA) before and after CRT. The echocardiographic measurements and the average annual costs of the device use were compared. RESULTS The duration of QRS complex, the length of time used for optimization, and the average annual cost of the device use under RV sense triggered LV pacing were significantly less than that under standard biventricular (BiV) pacing (p < 0.01), while the average battery lifetime was longer. Subgroup analysis showed that LVEF, diastolic mitral flow VTI, and aortic valve flow VTI under RV sense triggered LV pacing were greater than that under standard BiV pacing with right or LV pre-activation. The average battery lifetime was significantly longer and the average annual cost of the device use was less. The mitral regurgitation flow VTI under RV sense triggered LV pacing was less than that under standard BiV pacing with RV pre-activation. CONCLUSIONS RV sense triggered LV provides benefits for CHF patients over standard CRT in terms of maintaining the physiological atrio-ventricular delay of atrio-ventricular node and improving the acute hemodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University.
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Xiao CH, Tang H, Pu LJ, Sun DM, Ma JZ, Yu M, Duan RS. Diversity of nitrogenase (nifH) genes pool in soybean field soil after continuous and rotational cropping. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50:373-9. [PMID: 20473958 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diazotrophs diversity in soybean is a topic requiring thorough investigation since the previous researches have focused on only rice, forest, grass, water, etc. In this research, iron-only nitrogenase nifH gene was as genetic marker. PCR-RFLP was used to investigate the difference of diazotrophs community diversity in the soil from the continuous cropping (CC) (the 5-yr tilling of soybean) and the rotational cropping (RC) (soybean-corn) soils in the northeast of China. A total of 36 isolates were genetically characterized. Most of the isolates closely related to Azospirillum and Azotobacter. Eighty-six unique nifH gene sequences were obtained by cloning of the respective PCR products in two soil samples. It was found that the diversity of nifH genes in CC changed obviously compared with RC. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the clones clustered together in a high homogeneity with some sequence retrieved from environmental representatives. The sequence diversity of nifH genes was high and the members of the Alphaproteobacteria were predominant in both samples. The experimental study also revealed the two non-proteobacterial diazotrophs, firmicutes and euryarchaeota. Through this study, it can be assumed that different tillage perhaps affected the nifH gene-containing population diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Xiao
- Subject of Physiology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, China
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Zhang Q, Lu L, Pu L, Zhang R, Shen J, Zhu Z, Hu J, Yang Z, Chen Q, Shen W. Neointimal hyperplasia persists at six months after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in diabetic porcine. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6:16. [PMID: 17550588 PMCID: PMC1892541 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational clinical studies have shown that patients with diabetes have less favorable results after percutaneous coronary intervention compared with the non-diabetic counterparts, but its mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the changes of neointimal hyperplasia after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation in a diabetic porcine model, and to evaluate the impact of aortic inflammation on this proliferative process. Methods Diabetic porcine model was created with an intravenous administration of a single dose of streptozotocin in 15 Chinese Guizhou minipigs (diabetic group); each of them received 2 SES (Firebird, Microport Co, China) implanted into 2 separated major epicardial coronary arteries. Fifteen non-diabetic minipigs with SES implantation served as controls (control group). At 6 months, the degree of neointimal hyperplasia was determined by repeat coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and histological examination. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein level in the aortic intima was evaluated by Western blotting, and TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels were assayed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. Results The distribution of stented vessels, diameter of reference vessels, and post-procedural minimal lumen diameter were comparable between the two groups. At 6-month follow-up, the degree of in-stent restenosis (40.4 ± 24.0% vs. 20.2 ± 17.7%, p < 0.05), late lumen loss (0.33 ± 0.19 mm vs. 0.10 ± 0.09 mm, p < 0.001) by quantitative angiography, percentage of intimal hyperplasia in the stented area (26.7 ± 19.2% vs. 7.3 ± 6.1%, p < 0.001) by IVUS, and neointimal area (1.59 ± 0.76 mm2 vs. 0.41 ± 0.18 mm2, p < 0.05) by histological examination were significantly exacerbated in the diabetic group than those in the controls. Significant increases in TNF-α protein and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels were observed in aortic intima in the diabetic group. Conclusion Neointimal hyperplasia persisted at least up to 6 months after SES implantation in diabetic porcine, which may be partly related to an exaggerated inflammatory response within the blood vessel wall. Our results provide theoretical support for potential direct beneficial effects of anti-diabetic and anti-inflammation medications in reducing the risk of restenosis after stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - LiJin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - RuiYan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - ZhengBing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - ZhenKun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - QiuJin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - WeiFeng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
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