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Chingarande RG, Tian K, Kuang Y, Sarangee A, Hou C, Ma E, Ren J, Hawkins S, Kim J, Adelstein R, Chen S, Gillis KD, Gu LQ. Real-time label-free detection of dynamic aptamer-small molecule interactions using a nanopore nucleic acid conformational sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2108118120. [PMID: 37276386 PMCID: PMC10268594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108118120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids can undergo conformational changes upon binding small molecules. These conformational changes can be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies through control of gene expression or triggering of cellular responses and can also be used to develop sensors for small molecules such as neurotransmitters. Many analytical approaches can detect dynamic conformational change of nucleic acids, but they need labeling, are expensive, and have limited time resolution. The nanopore approach can provide a conformational snapshot for each nucleic acid molecule detected, but has not been reported to detect dynamic nucleic acid conformational change in response to small -molecule binding. Here we demonstrate a modular, label-free, nucleic acid-docked nanopore capable of revealing time-resolved, small molecule-induced, single nucleic acid molecule conformational transitions with millisecond resolution. By using the dopamine-, serotonin-, and theophylline-binding aptamers as testbeds, we found that these nucleic acids scaffolds can be noncovalently docked inside the MspA protein pore by a cluster of site-specific charged residues. This docking mechanism enables the ion current through the pore to characteristically vary as the aptamer undergoes conformational changes, resulting in a sequence of current fluctuations that report binding and release of single ligand molecules from the aptamer. This nanopore tool can quantify specific ligands such as neurotransmitters, elucidate nucleic acid-ligand interactions, and pinpoint the nucleic acid motifs for ligand binding, showing the potential for small molecule biosensing, drug discovery assayed via RNA and DNA conformational changes, and the design of artificial riboswitch effectors in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugare G. Chingarande
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Kai Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Yu Kuang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Aby Sarangee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Chengrui Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Emily Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Jarett Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Sam Hawkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Joshua Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Ray Adelstein
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Sally Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
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2
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Tian K, Hou C, Ma E, Luan B, Gu LQ. Assembling a Single-molecule Nanopore-Nanomachine to Unravel the Interaction between Anti-cancer Drugs with Targeting DNAs. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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3
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Abstract
The molecular scale pore structure, called nanopore, can be formed from protein ion channels by genetic engineering or fabricated on solid substrates using fashion nanotechnology. Target molecules in interaction with the functionalized lumen of nanopore, can produce characteristic changes in the pore conductance, which act as fingerprints, allowing us to identify single molecules and simultaneously quantify each target species in the mixture. Nanopore sensors have been created for tremendous biomedical detections, with targets ranging from metal ions, drug compounds and cellular second messengers, to proteins and DNAs. Recently, we have used the nanopore technique to dissect folding and unfolding mechanism of a single G-quadruplex DNA aptamer regulated by a variety of ions; we also created a portable and durable molecular device that integrated a protein pore sensor with a solidified lipid membrane for real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Gu
- Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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4
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Tian K, Chen X, Luan B, Lin M, Mustapha A, Gu LQ. Single Locked Nucleic Acid-enhanced nanopore genetic discrimination of pathogenic serotypes and cancer driver mutations. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019; 2018:4492-4495. [PMID: 30441349 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in pathogenic mutants is crucial for broad fields from food safety monitoring to disease diagnostics and prognosis. Here, we developed a nanopore single-molecule sensor, coupled with the locked nucleic acid (LNA) technique, to accurately discriminate SNPs for detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 pathogen serotype, and cancer-derived driver mutations EGFR L858R and KRAS G12D. This sensitive method, with a simplified, low cost, easy-to-operate LNA design, can be applied in food science and medical detection that need rapid and accurate determination of genetic variations.
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Hawkins S, Burcke A, Chen SJ, Gu LQ. Single Molecule Snapshots of Riboswitch Conformational Change and RNA Switch Based Biosensing on a Nanopore Maglet Device. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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6
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Guo X, Nejad MI, Gu LQ, Gates KS. Selective covalent capture of a DNA sequence corresponding to a cancer-driving C>G mutation in theKRASgene by a chemically reactive probe: optimizing a cross-linking reaction with non-canonical duplex structures. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32804-32810. [PMID: 35529740 PMCID: PMC9073178 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A covalent cross-linking reaction used for selective capture of a disease-relevant DNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | | | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry
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7
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Shi R, Nejad MI, Zhang X, Gu LQ, Gates KS. Generation and Single-Molecule Characterization of a Sequence-Selective Covalent Cross-Link Mediated by Mechlorethamine at a C–C Mismatch in Duplex DNA for Discrimination of a Disease-Relevant Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3810-3816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | | | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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8
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Li LP, Wang XJ, Zhang JY, Zhang LL, Cao YB, Gu LQ, Yu YQ, Yang QL, Shen CY, Han B, Jiang YY. Antifungal activity of osthol in vitro and enhancement in vivo through Eudragit S100 nanocarriers. Virulence 2018; 9:555-562. [PMID: 28795862 PMCID: PMC5955437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro interaction of osthol (Ost) and fluconazole (FLC) was investigated against 11 fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Synergistic activities were determined using the checkerboard microdilution assay. The results of agar diffusion test confirmed the synergistic interaction. We used an enteric material Eudragit S100 for preparation of Ost nanoparticle (Ost-NP) to improve the oral bioavailability, biological activity of Ost. The physicochemical characteristics of Ost-S100-NP revealed Ost-S100-NP with mean particle size of 55.4±0.4 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 98.95±0.06%, drug loading efficiency of 23.89±0.25%, yield of 98.5±0.1% and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.165. As the Ost concentration-time curve showed, Ost-S100-NP can increase the plasma concentration and relative bioavailability of Ost compared with Ost-suspension by oral administration. In vivo, Ost-S100-NP enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of Ost against FLC-resistant C. albicans in immunosuppressed candidiasis mice model. The available information strongly suggests that Ost-S100-NP may be used as a promising compound against drug-resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Peng Li
- a Center for New Drug Research , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Zhang
- a Center for New Drug Research , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- a Center for New Drug Research , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- a Center for New Drug Research , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qun Yu
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Qi-Lian Yang
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ying Shen
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- b Department of Pharmacy , Minhang District Central Hospital , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- a Center for New Drug Research , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
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9
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Abstract
The aerolysin pore (ARP) is a newly emerging nanopore that has been extensively used for peptide and protein sensing. Recently, several groups have explored the application of ARP in detecting genetic and epigenetic markers. This brief review summarizes the current applications of ARP, progressing from peptidomic to genomic detection; the recently reported site-directed mutagenesis of ARP; and new genomic DNA sensing approaches, and their advantages and disadvantages. This review will also discuss the perspectives and future applications of ARP for nucleic acid sequencing and biomolecule sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Kai Tian
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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10
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Tian K, Chen X, Luan B, Singh P, Yang Z, Gates KS, Lin M, Mustapha A, Gu LQ. Single Locked Nucleic Acid-Enhanced Nanopore Genetic Discrimination of Pathogenic Serotypes and Cancer Driver Mutations. ACS Nano 2018; 12:4194-4205. [PMID: 29664612 PMCID: PMC6157732 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in pathogenic mutants is crucial for many fields such as food safety regulation and disease diagnostics. Current detection methods involve laborious sample preparations and expensive characterizations. Here, we investigated a single locked nucleic acid (LNA) approach, facilitated by a nanopore single-molecule sensor, to accurately determine SNPs for detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157:H7, and cancer-derived EGFR L858R and KRAS G12D driver mutations. Current LNA applications that require incorporation and optimization of multiple LNA nucleotides. But we found that in the nanopore system, a single LNA introduced in the probe is sufficient to enhance the SNP discrimination capability by over 10-fold, allowing accurate detection of the pathogenic mutant DNA mixed in a large amount of the wild-type DNA. Importantly, the molecular mechanistic study suggests that such a significant improvement is due to the effect of the single-LNA that both stabilizes the fully matched base-pair and destabilizes the mismatched base-pair. This sensitive method, with a simplified, low cost, easy-to-operate LNA design, could be generalized for various applications that need rapid and accurate identification of single-nucleotide variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Binquan Luan
- Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Prashant Singh
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Mengshi Lin
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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11
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Tian K, Shi R, Gu A, Pennella M, Gu LQ. Polycationic Probe-Guided Nanopore Single-Molecule Counter for Selective miRNA Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1632:255-268. [PMID: 28730445 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7138-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that are being explored as a new type of disease biomarkers. The nanopore single-molecule sensor offers a potential noninvasive tool to detect miRNAs for diagnostics and prognosis applications. However, one of the challenges that limits its clinical applications is the presence of a large variety of nontarget nucleic acids in the biofluid extracts. Upon interacting with the nanopore, nontarget nucleic acids produce "contaminative" nanopore signals that interfere with target miRNA discrimination, thus severely lowering the accuracy in target miRNA detection. We have reported a novel method that utilizes a designed polycationic peptide-PNA probe to specifically guide the target miRNA migration toward the nanopore, whereas any nontarget nucleic acids without the probe bound is rejected by the nanopore. Consequently, nontarget species are driven away from the nanopore and only the target miRNA can be detected at low concentration. This method is also able to discriminate miRNAs with single-nucleotide difference by using PNA to capture miRNA. Considering the significance and impact of this substantial advance for the future miRNA detection in biofluid samples, we prepared this detailed protocol, by which the readers can view the experimental procedure, data analysis, and resulting explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Amy Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael Pennella
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Aerolysin protein pore has been widely used for sensing peptides and proteins. However, only a few groups explored this nanopore for nucleic acids detection. The challenge is the extremely low capture efficiency for nucleic acids (>10 bases), which severely lowers the sensitivity of an aerolysin-based genetic biosensor. Here we reported a simple and easy-to-operate approach to noncovalently transform aerolysin into a highly nucleic acids-sensitive nanopore. Through a remote pH-modulation mechanism, we simply lower the pH on one side of the pore, then aerolysin is immediately "activated" and enabled to capture target DNA/RNA efficiently from the opposite side of the pore. This mechanism also decelerates DNA translocation, a desired property for sequencing and gene detection, allowing temporal separation of DNAs in different lengths. This method provides insight into the nanopore engineering for biosensing, making aerolysin applicable in genetic and epigenetic detections of long nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kai Tian
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Rui-Cheng Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- a Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
| | - Kent S Gates
- b Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
| | - Michael X Wang
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- d Department of Surgery and Ellis Fischel Cancer Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
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14
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Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhao C, Tian K, Shi R, Du X, Burcke AJ, Wang J, Chen SJ, Gu LQ. Nanopore electric snapshots of an RNA tertiary folding pathway. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1458. [PMID: 29133841 PMCID: PMC5684407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical properties and biological mechanisms of RNAs are determined by their tertiary structures. Exploring the tertiary structure folding processes of RNA enables us to understand and control its biological functions. Here, we report a nanopore snapshot approach combined with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation and master equation analysis to elucidate the folding of an RNA pseudoknot structure. In this approach, single RNA molecules captured by the nanopore can freely fold from the unstructured state without constraint and can be programmed to terminate their folding process at different intermediates. By identifying the nanopore signatures and measuring their time-dependent populations, we can “visualize” a series of kinetically important intermediates, track the kinetics of their inter-conversions, and derive the RNA pseudoknot folding pathway. This approach can potentially be developed into a single-molecule toolbox to investigate the biophysical mechanisms of RNA folding and unfolding, its interactions with ligands, and its functions. While RNA folding is critical for its function, study of this process is challenging. Here, the authors combine nanopore single-molecule manipulation with theoretical analysis to follow the folding of an RNA pseudoknot, monitoring the intermediate states and the kinetics of their interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chenhan Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kai Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Andrew J Burcke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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15
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Wang Y, Tian K, Shi R, Gu A, Pennella M, Alberts L, Gates KS, Li G, Fan H, Wang MX, Gu LQ. Nanolock-Nanopore Facilitated Digital Diagnostics of Cancer Driver Mutation in Tumor Tissue. ACS Sens 2017; 2:975-981. [PMID: 28750524 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer driver mutations are clinically significant biomarkers. In precision medicine, accurate detection of these oncogenic changes in patients would enable early diagnostics of cancer, individually tailored targeted therapy, and precise monitoring of treatment response. Here we investigated a novel nanolock-nanopore method for single-molecule detection of a serine/threonine protein kinase gene BRAF V600E mutation in tumor tissues of thyroid cancer patients. The method lies in a noncovalent, mutation sequence-specific nanolock. We found that the nanolock formed on the mutant allele/probe duplex can separate the duplex dehybridization procedure into two sequential steps in the nanopore. Remarkably, this stepwise unzipping kinetics can produce a unique nanopore electric marker, with which a single DNA molecule of the cancer mutant allele can be unmistakably identified in various backgrounds of the normal wild-type allele. The single-molecule sensitivity for mutant allele enables both binary diagnostics and quantitative analysis of mutation occurrence. In the current configuration, the method can detect the BRAF V600E mutant DNA lower than 1% in the tumor tissues. The nanolock-nanopore method can be adapted to detect a broad spectrum of both transversion and transition DNA mutations, with applications from diagnostics to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongxin Fan
- Department
of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
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16
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Nejad MI, Shi R, Zhang X, Gu LQ, Gates KS. Sequence-Specific Covalent Capture Coupled with High-Contrast Nanopore Detection of a Disease-Derived Nucleic Acid Sequence. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1383-1386. [PMID: 28422400 PMCID: PMC6139021 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization-based methods for the detection of nucleic acid sequences are important in research and medicine. Short probes provide sequence specificity, but do not always provide a durable signal. Sequence-specific covalent crosslink formation can anchor probes to target DNA and might also provide an additional layer of target selectivity. Here, we developed a new crosslinking reaction for the covalent capture of specific nucleic acid sequences. This process involved reaction of an abasic (Ap) site in a probe strand with an adenine residue in the target strand and was used for the detection of a disease-relevant T→A mutation at position 1799 of the human BRAF kinase gene sequence. Ap-containing probes were easily prepared and displayed excellent specificity for the mutant sequence under isothermal assay conditions. It was further shown that nanopore technology provides a high contrast-in essence, digital-signal that enables sensitive, single-molecule sensing of the cross-linked duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211
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17
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Tian K, Decker K, Aksimentiev A, Gu LQ. Interference-Free Detection of Genetic Biomarkers Using Synthetic Dipole-Facilitated Nanopore Dielectrophoresis. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1204-1213. [PMID: 28036167 PMCID: PMC5438585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The motion of polarizable particles in a nonuniform electric field (i.e., dielectrophoresis) has been extensively used for concentration, separation, sorting, and transport of biological particles from cancer cells and viruses to biomolecules such as DNAs and proteins. However, current approaches to dielectrophoretic manipulation are not sensitive enough to selectively target individual molecular species. Here, we describe the application of the dielectrophoretic principle for selective detection of DNA and RNA molecules using an engineered biological nanopore. The key element of our approach is a synthetic polycationic nanocarrier that selectively binds to the target biomolecules, dramatically increasing their dielectrophoretic response to the electric field gradient generated by the nanopore. The dielectrophoretic capture of the nanocarrier-target complexes is detected as a transient blockade of the nanopore ionic current, while any nontarget nucleic acids are repelled from the nanopore by electrophoresis and thus do not interfere with the signal produced by the target's capture. Strikingly, we show that even modestly charged nanocarriers can be used to capture DNA or RNA molecules of any length or secondary structure and simultaneously detect several molecular targets. Such selective, multiplex molecular detection technology would be highly desirable for real-time analysis of complex clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Karl Decker
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Corresponding authors: Li-Qun Gu, , Aleksei Aksimentiev,
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Corresponding authors: Li-Qun Gu, , Aleksei Aksimentiev,
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18
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Zhang X, Shi R, Burcke AJ, Gu LQ. Single-Molecule Electric Snapshots of RNA Tertiary Pseudoknot Folding Pathway. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Yu Y, Cheng XL, Gu LQ, Jing GJ, Chen H. [Femtosecond lenticule extraction for correction of myopia: clinical results and recovery of subbasal nerves]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2016; 52:198-205. [PMID: 26979117 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy, safety, predictability, corneal sensitivity, tear function and recovery of subbasal nerves after femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS In this prospective, nonrandomized, comparative clinical study, 49 patients (98 eyes) were divided into two groups. FLEx was performed to treat myopia by Visumax femtosecond laser system, and LASIK was performed by Allegretto Wave laser system. The patients were followed up for 6 months. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, corneal topography by Pentacam, tear break-up time, Schirmer test, corneal sensitivity and confocal microscopy were assessed. RESULTS Forty-four patients (88 eyes) completed the 6-month follow-up. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.89±0.14 in eyes with FLEx and 0.98±0.08 in eyes with LASIK at 1 day after surgery. After 10 days, BCVA was 0.98±0.09 and 1.02±0.09, respectively. At the final follow-up visit, the efficacy index was 1.09 in the FLEx group and 1.07 in the LASIK group, and the safety index was 1.12 and 1.07, respectively, in the two groups. Mean Schirmer score was (16.92±7.58) mm and (15.03±5.89) mm (t=1.316, P=0.192), mean tear break-up time was (8.94±2.57) s and (8.00±2.39) s (t=1.759, P=0.082), and corneal sensitivity was (56.46±4.49) mm and (51.38±8.16) mm (t=1.316, P=0.001) in the groups of FLEx and LASIK, respectively. At 10 days after surgery, the number of subbasal nerves was significantly decreased in the FLEx group, and in the LASIK group the subbasal nerve fibers were hardly observed. At 6 months, regenerated nerve fibers were evident in the subbasal area, which recovered faster in eyes with FLEx than in those with LASIK. CONCLUSIONS Femtosecond lenticule extraction appears to be efficient, safe and predictable for myopia. FLEx surgery is superior over LASIK in less reduction of corneal sensation and lower risk of harm to the subbasal nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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20
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Abstract
Pseudoknots are a fundamental RNA tertiary structure with important roles in regulation of mRNA translation. Molecular force spectroscopic approaches such as optical tweezers can track the pseudoknot's unfolding intermediate states by pulling the RNA chain from both ends, but the kinetic unfolding pathway induced by this method may be different from that in vivo, which occurs during translation and proceeds from the 5' to 3' end. Here we developed a ribosome-mimicking, nanopore pulling assay for dissecting the vectorial unfolding mechanism of pseudoknots. The pseudoknot unfolding pathway in the nanopore, either from the 5' to 3' end or in the reverse direction, can be controlled by a DNA leader that is attached to the pseudoknot at the 5' or 3' ends. The different nanopore conductance between DNA and RNA translocation serves as a marker for the position and structure of the unfolding RNA in the pore. With this design, we provided evidence that the pseudoknot unfolding is a two-step, multistate, metal ion-regulated process depending on the pulling direction. Most notably, unfolding in both directions is rate-limited by the unzipping of the first helix domain (first step), which is Helix-1 in the 5' → 3' direction and Helix-2 in the 3' → 5' direction, suggesting that the initial unfolding step in either pulling direction needs to overcome an energy barrier contributed by the noncanonical triplex base-pairs and coaxial stacking interactions for the tertiary structure stabilization. These findings provide new insights into RNA vectorial unfolding mechanisms, which play an important role in biological functions including frameshifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Physics, Department of Biochemistry, and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Andrew J. Burcke
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, Department of Biochemistry, and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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21
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Abstract
Nanopore-based sensors have been studied extensively as potential tools for DNA sequencing, characterization of epigenetic modifications such as 5-methylcytosine, and detection of microRNA biomarkers. In the studies described here, the α-hemolysin protein nanopore embedded in a lipid bilayer was used for the detection and characterization of interstrand cross-links in duplex DNA. Interstrand cross-links are important lesions in medicinal chemistry and toxicology because they prevent the strand separation that is required for read-out of genetic information from DNA in cells. In addition, interstrand cross-links are used for the stabilization of duplex DNA in structural biology and materials science. Cross-linked DNA fragments produced unmistakable current signatures in the nanopore experiment. Some cross-linked substrates gave irreversible current blocks of >10 min, while others produced long current blocks (10-100 s) before the double-stranded DNA cross-link translocated through the α-hemolysin channel in a voltage-driven manner. The duration of the current block for the different cross-linked substrates examined here may be dictated by the stability of the duplex region left in the vestibule of the nanopore following partial unzipping of the cross-linked DNA. Construction of calibration curves measuring the frequency of cross-link blocking events (1/τon) as a function of cross-link concentration enabled quantitative determination of the amounts of cross-linked DNA present in samples. The unique current signatures generated by cross-linked DNA in the α-HL nanopore may enable the detection and characterization of DNA cross-links that are important in toxicology, medicine, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- University of Missouri, Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Nathan E. Price
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Xi Fang
- University of Missouri, Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- University of Missouri, Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO 65211
- Address correspondence to: ; phone: (573) 882-6763 and ; phone: (573) 882-2057
| | - Kent S. Gates
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
- University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, Columbia, MO 65211
- Address correspondence to: ; phone: (573) 882-6763 and ; phone: (573) 882-2057
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22
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Tian K, Gu LQ. Nanopore single-molecule dielectrophoretic detection of cancer-derived microRNA biomarkers. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:6821-4. [PMID: 24111311 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6611124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nanopore-based single-molecule biosensor has been extensively investigated for various biomedical detections. It has demonstrated the potential in gene sequencing and diagnosis-oriented biomarker detection such as microRNAs. In real-time detection, however, samples extracted from bio-fluids contain various non-target nucleic acids components. These components can cause severely influence the target detection accuracy. We have discovered that a polycationic probe can solve this issue. The polycationic peptide domain of the probe can separate the target probe complex from free nucleic acids, and only lead the complex into the pore, therefore realizing simultaneous enrichment and detection of target microRNAs. This study establishs a universal approach to detecting any short pathogenic nucleic acids fragment in complex samples.
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Wang Y, Luan BQ, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ritzo B, Gates K, Gu LQ. Erratum: Corrigendum: Single Molecule Investigation of Ag+ Interactions with Single Cytosine-, Methylcytosine- and Hydroxymethylcytosine-Cytosine Mismatches in a Nanopore. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9732. [PMID: 26161846 PMCID: PMC4498437 DOI: 10.1038/srep09732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Wang Y, Montana V, Grubišić V, Stout RF, Parpura V, Gu LQ. Nanopore sensing of botulinum toxin type B by discriminating an enzymatically cleaved Peptide from a synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:184-92. [PMID: 25511125 PMCID: PMC4296922 DOI: 10.1021/am5056596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxin known to human. Biodefense requires early and rapid detection of BoNTs. Traditionally, BoNTs can be detected by looking for signs of botulism in mice that receive an injection of human material, serum or stool. While the living animal assay remains the most sensitive approach, it is costly, slow and associated with legal and ethical constrains. Various biochemical, optical and mechanical methods have been developed for BoNTs detection with improved speed, but with lesser sensitivity. Here, we report a novel nanopore-based BoNT type B (BoNT-B) sensor that monitors the toxin's enzymatic activity on its substrate, a recombinant synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative. By analyzing the modulation of the pore current caused by the specific BoNT-B-digested peptide as a marker, the presence of BoNT-B at a subnanomolar concentration was identified within minutes. The nanopore detector would fill the niche for a much needed rapid and highly sensitive detection of neurotoxins, and provide an excellent system to explore biophysical mechanisms for biopolymer transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department
of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Dr. Yong Wang. E-mail:
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Grubišić
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Randy F. Stout
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New
York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Dr. Vladimir Parpura.
E-mail:
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department
of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Dr. Li-Qun Gu. E-mail:
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Wang Y, Ritzo B, Gu LQ. Silver(I) ions modulate the stability of DNA duplexes containing cytosine, methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine at different salt concentrations. RSC Adv 2014; 5:2655-2658. [PMID: 31007904 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver(I) ions can stabilize cytosine-cytosine, cytosine (C)-methylcytosine (5mC) and cytosine-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) mismatched-base pairs. While cytosine modifications regulate DNA stability to regulate cellular functions, silver ions can modulate the stability of C-C, C-5mC and C-5hmC containing DNA duplexes in a salt concentration dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, 134 research park, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. ; Tel: +1 573 8822086
| | - Brandon Ritzo
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, 134 research park, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. ; Tel: +1 573 8822086
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, 134 research park, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. ; Tel: +1 573 8822086
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26
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Wang Y, Tian K, Hunter LL, Ritzo B, Gu LQ. Probing molecular pathways for DNA orientational trapping, unzipping and translocation in nanopores by using a tunable overhang sensor. Nanoscale 2014; 6:11372-9. [PMID: 25144935 PMCID: PMC6201287 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores provide a unique single-molecule platform for genetic and epigenetic detection. The target nucleic acids can be accurately analyzed by characterizing their specific electric fingerprints or signatures in the nanopore. Here we report a series of novel nanopore signatures generated by target nucleic acids that are hybridized with a probe. A length-tunable overhang appended to the probe functions as a sensor to specifically modulate the nanopore current profile. The resulting signatures can reveal multiple mechanisms for the orientational trapping, unzipping, escaping and translocation of nucleic acids in the nanopore. This universal approach can be used to program various molecular movement pathways, elucidate their kinetics, and enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the nanopore sensor for nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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27
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Fricke BL, Gu LQ. Programming nanopore ion flow for encoded multiplex microRNA detection. ACS Nano 2014; 8:3444-50. [PMID: 24654890 PMCID: PMC4004327 DOI: 10.1021/nn406339n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts are being made in translating the nanopore into an ultrasensitive single-molecule platform for various genetic and epigenetic detections. However, compared with current approaches including PCR, the low throughput limits the nanopore applications in biological research and clinical settings, which usually requires simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers for accurate disease diagnostics. Herein we report a barcode probe approach for multiple nucleic acid detection in one nanopore. Instead of directly identifying different targets in a nanopore, we designed a series of barcode probes to encode different targets. When the probe is bound with the target, the barcode group polyethylene glycol attached on the probe through click chemistry can specifically modulate nanopore ion flow. The resulting signature serves as a marker for the encoded target. Therefore counting different signatures in a current recording allows simultaneous analysis of multiple targets in one nanopore. The principle of this approach was verified by using a panel of cancer-derived microRNAs as the target, a type of biomarker for cancer detection.
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28
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Tian K, Fricke B, Gu LQ. Novel Nanopore Dielectrophoresis Mechanism for Selective Microrna Detection in Clinical Set. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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29
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Tian K, Fang X, Reagan C, Gu LQ. Nanopore Quantitation of Cancer BRAF Driver Mutation Facilitated by a DNA Interstrand Merculock. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Kang I, Wang Y, Reagan C, Fu Y, Wang MX, Gu LQ. Designing DNA interstrand lock for locus-specific methylation detection in a nanopore. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2381. [PMID: 24135881 PMCID: PMC3798886 DOI: 10.1038/srep02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Locus-specific DNA methylation can be used as biomarkers in various diseases including cancer. Many methods have been developed for genome-wide methylation analysis, but molecular diagnotics needs simple tools to determine methylation states at individual CpG sites in a gene fragment. In this report, we utilized the nanopore single-molecule sensor to investigate a base-pair specific metal ion/nucleic acids interaction, and explored its potential application in locus-specific DNA methylation analysis. We identified that divalent Mercury ion (Hg2+) can selectively bind a uracil-thymine mismatch (U-T) in a dsDNA. The Hg2+ binding creates a reversible interstrand lock, called MercuLock, which enhances the hybridization strength by two orders of magnitude. Such MercuLock cannot be formed in a 5-methylcytosine-thymine mismatch (mC-T). By nanopore detection of dsDNA stability, single bases of uracil and 5-methylcytosine can be distinguished. Since uracil is converted from cytosine by bisulfite treatment, cytosine and 5′-methylcytosine can be discriminated. We have demonstrated the methylation analysis of multiple CpGs in a p16 gene CpG island. This single-molecule assay may have potential in detection of epigenetic cancer biomarkers in biofluids, with an ultimate goal for early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoon Kang
- Department of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
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31
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Abstract
The nanopore sensor can detect cancer-derived nucleic acid biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs), providing a noninvasive tool potentially useful in medical diagnostics. However, the nanopore-based detection of these biomarkers remains confounded by the presence of numerous other nucleic acid species found in biofluid extracts. Their nonspecific interactions with the nanopore inevitably contaminate the target signals, reducing the detection accuracy. Here we report a novel method that utilizes a polycationic peptide-PNA probe as the carrier for selective miRNA detection in the nucleic acid mixture. The cationic probe hybridized with microRNA forms a dipole complex, which can be captured by the pore using a voltage polarity that is opposite the polarity used to capture negatively charged nucleic acids. As a result, nontarget species are driven away from the pore opening, and the target miRNA can be detected accurately without interference. In addition, we demonstrate that the PNA probe enables accurate discrimination of miRNAs with single-nucleotide difference. This highly sensitive and selective nanodielectrophoresis approach can be applied to the detection of clinically relevant nucleic acid fragments in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zhaojian He
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence author: Li-Qun Gu, PhD Associate Professor of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Tel: 573-882-2057, Fax: 573-884-4232
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of tiny noncoding RNAs that play an important role in regulating every aspect of cellular activities. Dysfunctional expression of miRNAs disrupts normal biological processes, leading to the development of various diseases including cancer. Circulating miRNAs are being investigated as biomarkers with a potential for noninvasive disease detection. This demands the development of new technologies to accurately detect miRNAs with short assay time and affordable cost. We have proposed a nanopore single-molecule method for accurate, label-free detection of circulating miRNAs without amplification of the target miRNA. This concise protocol describes how to device a protein nanopore to quantify target miRNAs in RNA extraction, and discusses at the end the advantages, challenges, and broad impact of the nanopore approach for miRNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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33
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Abstract
miRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules that are important in regulating gene expression. Due to the correlation of their expression levels and various diseases, miRNAs are being investigated as potential biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. The fast-growing miRNA exploration demands rapid, accurate, low-cost miRNA detection technologies. This article will focus on two platforms of nanopore single-molecule approach that can quantitatively measure miRNA levels in samples from tissue and cancer patient plasma. Both nanopore methods are sensitive and specific, and do not need labeling, enzymatic reaction or amplification. In the next 5 years, the nanopore-based miRNA techniques will be improved and validated for noninvasive and early diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a potassium (K+) channel inhibitor that has been extensively used as a molecular probe to explore the structure of channels’ ion pathway. In this study, we identified that Leu70 of the virus-encoded potassium channel Kcv is a key amino acid that plays an important role in regulating the channel’s TEA sensitivity. Site-directed mutagenesis of Leu70 can change the TEA sensitivity by 1,000-fold from ∼100 µM to ∼100 mM. Because no compelling trends exist to explain this amino acid’s specific interaction with TEA, the role of Leu70 at the binding site is likely to ensure an optimal conformation of the extracellular mouth that confers high TEA affinity. We further assembled the subunits of mutant and wt-Kcv into a series of heterotetramers. The differences in these heterochannels suggest that all of the four subunits in a Kcv channel additively participate in the TEA binding, and each of the four residues at the binding site independently contributes an equal binding energy. We therefore can present a series of mutant/wild-type tetramer combinations that can probe TEA over three orders of magnitude in concentration. This study may give insight into the mechanism for the interaction between the potassium channel and its inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Tan
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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36
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Shim J, Gu LQ. Single-molecule investigation of G-quadruplex using a nanopore sensor. Methods 2012; 57:40-6. [PMID: 22487183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article introduces the nanopore single-molecule method for the study of G-quadruplex nucleic acid structures. Single G-quadruplexes can be trapped into a 2 nm protein pore embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane. The trapped G-quadruplex specifically blocks the current through the nanopore, creating a signature event for quantitative analysis of G-quadruplex properties, from cation-determined folding and unfolding kinetics to the interactions with the protein ligand. The nanopore single-molecule method is simple, accurate, and requires no labels. It can be used to evaluate G-quadruplex mechanisms and it may have applications in G-quadruplex-based biosensors, nanomachines, and nanostructure assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwook Shim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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37
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Wang H, Luo K, Tan LZ, Ren BG, Gu LQ, Michalopoulos G, Luo JH, Yu YP. p53-induced gene 3 mediates cell death induced by glutathione peroxidase 3. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16890-902. [PMID: 22461624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.322636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) is down-regulated in a variety of human malignancies. Both methylation and deletion of GPx3 gene underlie the alterations of GPx3 expression in prostate cancer. A strong correlation between the down-regulation of GPx3 expression and progression of prostate cancer and the suppression of prostate cancer xenografts in SCID mice by forced expression of GPx3 suggests a tumor suppression role of GPx3 in prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of GPx3-mediated tumor suppression remains unclear. In this report, GPx3 was found to interact directly with p53-induced gene 3 (PIG3). Forced overexpression of GPx3 in prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3 as well as immortalized prostate epithelial cells RWPE-1 increased apoptotic cell death. Expression of GPx3(x73c), a peroxidase-negative OPAL codon mutant, in DU145 and PC3 cells also increased cell death. The induced expression of GPx3 in DU145 and PC3 cells resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity. These activities were abrogated by either knocking down PIG3 or mutating the PIG3 binding motif in GPx3 or binding interference from a peptide corresponding to PIG3 binding motif in GPx3. In addition, UV-treated RWPE-1 cells underwent apoptotic death, which was partially prevented by knocking down GPx3 or PIG3, suggesting that GPx3-PIG3 signaling is critical for UV-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results reveal a novel signaling pathway of GPx3-PIG3 in the regulation of cell death in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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38
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Wang Y, Gu L. Oligomer Duplex Tearing and Shearing Mechanisms in the Nanopore. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Kang I, Tian K, Ritzo B, Gu L. Salt Gradient Enhances Small Molecules Capture in a Biological Nanopore. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang M, Gu LQ. Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients. Nat Nanotechnol 2011; 6:668-74. [PMID: 21892163 PMCID: PMC3189330 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, and have been investigated as potential biomarkers because their expression levels are correlated with various diseases. However, detecting microRNAs in the bloodstream remains difficult because current methods are not sufficiently selective or sensitive. Here, we show that a nanopore sensor based on the α-haemolysin protein can selectively detect microRNAs at the single molecular level in plasma samples from lung cancer patients without the need for labels or amplification of the microRNA. The sensor, which uses a programmable oligonucleotide probe to generate a target-specific signature signal, can quantify subpicomolar levels of cancer-associated microRNAs and can distinguish single-nucleotide differences between microRNA family members. This approach is potentially useful for quantitative microRNA detection, the discovery of disease markers and non-invasive early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dali Zheng
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center and Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qiulin Tan
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center and Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Corresponding authors: Li-Qun Gu, PhD, Associate Professor, Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, Tel: 573-882-2057, Fax: 573-884-4232, . Michael Wang, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212,
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Corresponding authors: Li-Qun Gu, PhD, Associate Professor, Biological Engineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, Tel: 573-882-2057, Fax: 573-884-4232, . Michael Wang, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212,
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Zheng D, Haddadin S, Wang Y, Gu LQ, Perry MC, Freter CE, Wang MX. Plasma microRNAs as novel biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2011; 4:575-86. [PMID: 21904633 PMCID: PMC3160609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A diagnosis of lung cancer at its early stages is vital for improving the survival rate of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a family of 19- to 25-nucleotide non-coding small RNAs, are frequently dysregulated in lung cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of circulating miRNAs for early detection of lung cancer. We searched the published literature for the miRNA microarray data of primary lung cancer and selected 15 miRNAs that were most frequently up-regulated in lung cancer tissues. Total plasma RNA including miRNAs was isolated, polyadenylated and reverse-transcribed into cDNAs. The levels of miRNAs were determined by real-time RT-PCR in 74 lung cancer patients and 68 age-matched cancer-free controls. We found that the levels of miR-155, miR-197, and miR-182 in the plasma of lung cancer including stage I patients were significantly elevated compared with controls (P<0.001). The combination of these 3 miRNAs yielded 81.33% sensitivity and 86.76% specificity in discriminating lung cancer patients from controls. The levels of miR-155 and miR-197 were higher in the plasma from lung cancer patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis (P<0.05) and were significantly decreased in responsive patients during chemotherapy (P<0.001). These results indicate that miR-155, miR-197, and miR-182 can be potential non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 115 Business Loop 70 West, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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Gu LQ, Zhao L, Zhu W, Li FY, Zhang MJ, Liu Y, Liu JM, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Relationships between serum levels of thyroid hormones and serum concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with Graves' disease. Endocrine 2011; 39:266-71. [PMID: 21387129 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction as well as abnormal thyroid hormone levels may be responsible for increased cardiovascular risk in Graves' disease (GD). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are new markers of endothelial and myocardial dysfunction, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the serum levels of ADMA, NT-proBNP, and thyroid hormones in GD patients. This was a cross-sectional investigation conducted in a university teaching hospital. Two hundred and thirty-nine GD (Female: 182, Male: 57) patients and 81 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of ADMA were positively related with FT3 (r = 0.584, P < 0.001), FT4 (r = 0.551, P < 0.001), and TRAb levels (r = 0.502, P < 0.001). Serum NT-proBNP levels were positively associated with FT3 (r = 0.243, P < 0.001) and FT4 levels (r = 0.274, P < 0.001), as well as heart rate (r = 0.271, P < 0.03). The elevation of serum ADMA and NT-proBNP levels were also observed in patients with controlled hyperthyroidism. It is thus concluded that serum ADMA and NT-proBNP levels were increased in GD patients. Future studies may determine the usefulness of these two biomarkers to detect early signs of endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffness, and fluid volume in GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 197 Rui-jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Liu JM, Gu LQ, Zhao L, Tang ZY, Sun LH, Hong J, Wang WQ, Luo BY, Zhao YJ, Xu MY, Chen X, Jiang XF, Zhu CM, Jin XL, Chen HZ, Tan YY, Ning G, Chen JL. Two unusual cases of intractable hyperthyroidism responsive to octreotide: Munchausen syndrome or not? Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1155-60. [PMID: 21376025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective treatment for patients with resistant hyperthyroidism is difficult. METHODS In this case report with 4-year follow-up data, we present 2 unusual cases of hyperthyroidism that were unresponsive to almost all antithyroid treatments including total thyroidectomy, but both were controlled with octreotide. RESULTS Cases 1 and 2 were both middle-aged women. They presented thyrotoxicosis with a low serum concentration of TSH and thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). The underlying causes, such as thyroiditis, metastatic thyroid cancer and struma ovarii were explored. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, particularly factitious hyperthyroidism was highly suspected, but there was no direct evidence to establish these diagnoses. In spite of good compliance, their thyrotoxicosis could not be controlled with large doses of PTU or MMI. β-blocker, methylprednisolone, radio-iodine therapy and even thyroidectomy were all attempted and failed. Short-acting octreotide was first administered to case 1 and then to case 2. Thyroid function improved greatly within 3 days in both cases. The doses of octreotide were tapered down to twice a week with consistent efficacy. During the follow-up periods, case 1 required octreotide 0.1mg twice per week and case 2 is on thyroid replacement therapy due to hypothyroidism. The recurrences of hyperthyroidism in both cases were again rapidly controlled with the increased dose of octreotide in case 1 and re-started the usage of octreotide in case 2. CONCLUSIONS The etiology of thyrotoxicosis in these 2 cases is not clear. In the absence of struma ovarii or wide-spread follicular thyroid cancer, factitious hyperthyroidism due to Munchausen syndrome should be considered first. The efficacy of the off-label use of octreotide in hyperthyroidism was highly effective (only) in these 2 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, China.
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Wang Y, Zheng D, Tan Q, Wang M, Gu LQ. A Nanopore Sensor for Single Molecule Detection of Circulating Micrornas in Lung Cancer Patients. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Gu LQ, Li FY, Zhao L, Liu Y, Chu Q, Zang XX, Liu JM, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Association of XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression with lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine 2010; 38:276-82. [PMID: 20972735 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and the P2X7 receptor were demonstrated in a variety of tumors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations of XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression with the clinicopathological features of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 62 cases were examined, including 43 patients with PTCs and 19 with benign nodular goiters. XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues. The staining intensity and extent were evaluated and scored using a semi-quantitative method. The immunohistochemical staining score integrating the intensity and extent of XIAP and P2X7 receptors in PTCs was higher than in nodular goiters. XIAP (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 1.5-21.1, P=0.009) and P2X7 receptor (OR: 6.1, 95% CI: 1.5-24.4, P=0.007) expression were associated with lymph node metastasis in PTCs. In logistic regression analysis, P2X7 receptor expression, tumor size, and capsular infiltration were predictors for lymph node metastasis (P=0.001). Our results suggested that XIAP and P2X7 receptor expression may predict the aggressiveness of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Gu LQ, Ding S, Gao C. Aptamer-encoded nanopore for ultrasensitive detection of bioterrorist agent ricin at single-molecule resolution. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010; 2009:6699-702. [PMID: 19964179 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The molecular-scale pore structure, called nanopore, can be formed from protein ion channels by genetic engineering or fabricated on solid substrates using fashion nanotechnology. Target molecules in interaction with the functionalized lumen of nanopore, can produce characteristic changes in the pore conductance, which act as fingerprints, allowing us to identify single molecules and simultaneously quantify each target species in the mixture. Nanopore sensors have been created for tremendous biomedical detections, with targets ranging from metal ions, drug compounds and cellular second messengers, to proteins and DNAs. Here we will review our recent discoveries with a lab-in-hand glass nanopore: single-molecule discrimination of chiral enantiomers with a trapped cyclodextrin, and sensing of bioterrorist agent ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Tan Q, Shim JW, Gu LQ. Separation of heteromeric potassium channel Kcv towards probing subunit composition-regulated ion permeation and gating. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1602-8. [PMID: 20303961 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chlorella virus-encoded Kcv can form a homo-tetrameric potassium channel in lipid membranes. This miniature peptide can be synthesized in vitro, and the tetramer purified from the SDS-polyacrylamide gel retains the K(+) channel functionality. Combining this capability with the mass-tagging method, we propose a simple, straightforward approach that can generically manipulate individual subunits in the tetramer, thereby enabling the detection of contribution from individual subunits to the channel functions. Using this approach, we showed that the structural change in the selectivity filter from only one subunit is sufficient to cause permanent channel inactivation ("all-or-none" mechanism), whereas the mutation near the extracellular entrance additively modifies the ion permeation with the number of mutant subunits in the tetramer ("additive" mechanism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Tan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Shim JW, Tan Q, Gu LQ. Revealing Programmable Ion-Exchange in a G-quadruplex using the Nanopore Detector. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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49
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Tan Q, Gu LQ. Purified Hetero-Tetramers of the Potassium Channel Kcv Revealing Independent Subunit Contribution to the Tea Block. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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50
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Wang Y, Tan Q, Gu LQ. A Novel Single Molecular Signature for Discriminating DNA Unzipping in a Nanopore. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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