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Nolan T, Borja-Tabora C, Lopez P, Weckx L, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Lazcano-Ponce E, Kerdpanich A, Weber MAR, Mascareñas de Los Santos A, Tinoco JC, Safadi MAP, Seng LF, Hernandez-de Mezerville M, Faingezicht I, Cruz-Valdez A, Feng Y, Li P, Durviaux S, Haars G, Roy-Ghanta S, Vaughn DW, Taylor S. Prevalence and Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Respiratory Viral Infections in Children Aged 6 Months to 10 Years With Influenza-like Illness Enrolled in a Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:e80-9. [PMID: 25673560 PMCID: PMC4429758 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated morbidity and
mortality makes vaccine development a priority. Methods. As part of an efficacy trial of pandemic influenza vaccines (NCT01051661), RSV
epidemiology in healthy children aged 6 months to <10 years at first vaccination with
influenza-like illness (ILI) was evaluated in Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Mexico, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand between February 2010 and August 2011.
Active surveillance for ILI was conducted for approximately 1 year, with nasal and throat
swabs analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence and incidence of RSV among ILI
episodes were calculated. Results. A total of 6266 children were included, of whom 2421 experienced 3717 ILI episodes
with a respiratory sample available. RSV was detected for 359 ILI episodes, a prevalence
of 9.7% (95% confidence interval: 8.7–10.7). The highest prevalence was in children aged
12–23 or 24–35 months in all countries except the Philippines, where it was in children
aged 6–11 months. The incidence of RSV-associated ILI was 7.0 (6.3–7.7) per 100
person-years (PY). Eighty-eight ILI episodes resulted in hospitalization, of which 8 were
associated with RSV (prevalence 9.1% [4.0–17.1]; incidence 0.2 [0.1–0.3] per 100 PY). The
incidence of RSV-associated ILI resulting in medical attendance was 6.0 (5.4–6.7) per 100
PY. RSV B subtypes were observed more frequently than A subtypes. Conclusions. Active surveillance demonstrated the considerable burden of RSV-associated illness
that would not be identified through hospital-based surveillance, with a substantial part
of the burden occurring in older infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Nolan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charissa Borja-Tabora
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Pio Lopez
- Centro de Estudios en Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lily Weckx
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angkool Kerdpanich
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Marco Aurelio P Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo and Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Idis Faingezicht
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigaciones Clínicas, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Ping Li
- GSK Vaccines, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
A 2006 Commonwealth Association of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition workshop on financing children's vaccines highlighted the potential for vaccines to control diarrhoea and other diseases as well as spur economic development through better health. Clear communication of vaccination value to decision-makers is required, together with sustainable funding mechanisms. GAVI and partners have made great progress providing funding for vaccines for children in the poorest countries but other solutions may be required to achieve the same gains in middle- and high-income countries. World Health Organization has a wealth of freely available country-level data on immunisation that academics and advocates can use to communicate the economic and health benefits of vaccines to decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anthony S Nelson
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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Yosipovitch G, Tang M, Dawn AG, Chen M, Goh CL, Huak Y, Seng LF. Study of psychological stress, sebum production and acne vulgaris in adolescents. Acta Derm Venereol 2007; 87:135-9. [PMID: 17340019 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sebum production is thought to play a major role in acne vulgaris in adolescents. Psychological stress may exacerbate acne; however, it is not known whether the perceived association between stress and acne exacerbation is due to increased sebum production. The aims of this study were to determine: (i) if psychological stress in adolescents is associated with increased sebum production; and (ii) if stress is associated with increased acne severity independent of, or in conjunction with, increased sebum production. Ninety-four secondary school students in Singapore (mean age 14.9 years) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. During a high stress condition (prior to mid-year examinations) and a low stress condition (during the summer holidays), the following were evaluated: (i) self-reported stress level using the Perceived Stress Scale; (ii) sebum level at baseline and at 1 h; and (iii) acne severity. The prevalence of self-reported acne in this study population was high (95% in males and 92% in females). Most subjects had mild to moderate acne. Sebum measurements did not differ significantly between the high stress and low stress conditions. For the study population as a whole, we observed a statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.23, p=0.029) between stress levels and severity of acne papulopustulosa. In adolescents, psychological stress does not appear to affect the quantity of sebum production. The study suggests a significant association between stress and severity of acne papulopustulosa, especially in males. Increased acne severity associated with stress may result from factors other than sebum quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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