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Russo M, Pellegrino G, Faure H, Tirou L, Sharif A, Ruat M. Characterization of Sonic Hedgehog transcripts in the adult mouse brain: co-expression with neuronal and oligodendroglial markers. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:705-727. [PMID: 38329543 PMCID: PMC10978748 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, astrocytes are proposed to be the major Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-responsive cells. However, the sources of the Shh molecule mediating activation of the pathway are still poorly characterized. The present work investigates the distribution and phenotype of cells expressing Shh mRNA in the adult mouse brain. Using single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smfISH), we report much broader expression of Shh transcripts in almost all brain regions than originally reported. We identify Shh mRNA in HuC/D+ neuronal populations, including GABAergic (glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, Gad67), cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH), nitrergic (neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS), and in a small population of oligodendroglial cells expressing Sox10 and Olig2 mRNA transcription factors. Further analysis of Shh mRNA in cerebral cortical and hypothalamic neurons suggests that Shh is also expressed by glutamatergic neurons. Interestingly, we did not observe substantial Desert Hedgehog and Indian Hedgehog mRNA signals, nor Shh signals in S100β+ astrocytes and Iba1+ microglial cells. Collectively, the present work provides the most robust central map of Shh-expressing cells to date and underscores the importance of nitrergic neurons in regulating Shh availability to brain cells. Thus, our study provides a framework for future experiments aimed at better understanding of the functions of Shh signaling in the brain in normal and pathological states, and the characterization of novel regulatory mechanisms of the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Giuliana Pellegrino
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 91400, Saclay, France.
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Del Giovane A, Russo M, Tirou L, Faure H, Ruat M, Balestri S, Sposato C, Basoli F, Rainer A, Kassoussi A, Traiffort E, Ragnini-Wilson A. Smoothened/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Oligodendroglial Cell Maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:801704. [PMID: 35082605 PMCID: PMC8784884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.801704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of myelin is known to restore axonal conduction velocity after a demyelinating event. Remyelination failure in the central nervous system contributes to the severity and progression of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Remyelination is controlled by many signaling pathways, such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, as shown by the canonical activation of its key effector Smoothened (Smo), which increases the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the upregulation of the transcription factor Gli1. On the other hand, the inhibition of Gli1 was also found to promote the recruitment of a subset of adult neural stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Since Smo is also able to transduce Shh signals via various non-canonical pathways such as the blockade of Gli1, we addressed the potential of non-canonical Smo signaling to contribute to oligodendroglial cell maturation in myelinating cells using the non-canonical Smo agonist GSA-10, which downregulates Gli1. Using the Oli-neuM cell line, we show that GSA-10 promotes Gli2 upregulation, MBP and MAL/OPALIN expression via Smo/AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) signaling, and efficiently increases the number of axonal contact/ensheathment for each oligodendroglial cell. Moreover, GSA-10 promotes the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors into the demyelinated corpus callosum in vivo. Altogether, our data indicate that non-canonical signaling involving Smo/AMPK modulation and Gli1 downregulation promotes oligodendroglia maturation until axon engagement. Thus, GSA-10, by activation of this signaling pathway, represents a novel potential remyelinating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Del Giovane
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sonia Balestri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Sposato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- INSERM, U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Traiffort,
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Tirou L, Russo M, Faure H, Pellegrino G, Demongin C, Daynac M, Sharif A, Amosse J, Le Lay S, Denis R, Luquet S, Taouis M, Benomar Y, Ruat M. Sonic Hedgehog receptor Patched deficiency in astrocytes enhances glucose metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101172. [PMID: 33513436 PMCID: PMC7893488 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Astrocytes are glial cells proposed as the main Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-responsive cells in the adult brain. Their roles in mediating Shh functions are still poorly understood. In the hypothalamus, astrocytes support neuronal circuits implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the impact of genetic activation of Shh signaling on hypothalamic astrocytes and characterized its effects on energy metabolism. Methods We analyzed the distribution of gene transcripts of the Shh pathway (Ptc, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) in astrocytes using single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with immunohistofluorescence of Shh peptides by Western blotting in the adult mouse hypothalamus. Based on the metabolic phenotype, we characterized Glast-CreERT2-YFP-Ptc−/− (YFP-Ptc−/−) mice and their controls over time and under a high-fat diet (HFD) to investigate the potential effects of conditional astrocytic deletion of the Shh receptor Patched (Ptc) on metabolic efficiency, insulin sensitivity, and systemic glucose metabolism. Molecular and biochemical assays were used to analyze the alteration of key pathways modulating energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and inflammation. Primary astrocyte cultures were used to evaluate a potential role of Shh signaling in astrocytic glucose uptake. Results Shh peptides were the highest in the hypothalamic extracts of adult mice and a large population of hypothalamic astrocytes expressed Ptc and Gli1-3 mRNAs. Characterization of Shh signaling after conditional Ptc deletion in the YFP-Ptc−/− mice revealed heterogeneity in hypothalamic astrocyte populations. Interestingly, activation of Shh signaling in Glast+ astrocytes enhanced insulin responsiveness as evidenced by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. This effect was maintained over time and associated with lower blood insulin levels and also observed under a HFD. The YFP-Ptc−/− mice exhibited a lean phenotype with the absence of body weight gain and a marked reduction of white and brown adipose tissues accompanied by increased whole-body fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, food intake, locomotor activity, and body temperature were not altered. At the cellular level, Ptc deletion did not affect glucose uptake in primary astrocyte cultures. In the hypothalamus, activation of the astrocytic Shh pathway was associated with the upregulation of transcripts coding for the insulin receptor and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) after 4 weeks and the glucose transporter GLUT-4 after 32 weeks. Conclusions Here, we define hypothalamic Shh action on astrocytes as a novel master regulator of energy metabolism. In the hypothalamus, astrocytic Shh signaling could be critically involved in preventing both aging- and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Astrocytes exhibit differences in regulating the hedgehog signaling pathway. Deletion of Ptc in Glast+ cells prevents body weight gain and insulin resistance. Deletion of Ptc in Glast+ cells increases β oxidation. Central hedgehog signaling participates in the regulation of whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Helene Faure
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giuliana Pellegrino
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clement Demongin
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Daynac
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog (JPARC) - Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jeremy Amosse
- Univ. Angers SFR ICAT, F-49100, Angers, France; IRSET Laboratory, Inserm, UMR, 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Soazig Le Lay
- Univ. Angers SFR ICAT, F-49100, Angers, France; Univ. Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, Thorax Institut, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Raphaël Denis
- Univ. Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Univ. Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Taouis
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Orsay, France
| | - Yacir Benomar
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Orsay, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Tirou L, Russo M, Faure H, Pellegrino G, Sharif A, Ruat M. C9C5 positive mature oligodendrocytes are a source of Sonic Hedgehog in the mouse brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229362. [PMID: 32078657 PMCID: PMC7032736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature rodent brain, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates stem and progenitor cell maintenance, neuronal and glial circuitry and brain repair. However, the sources and distribution of Shh mediating these effects are still poorly characterized. Here, we report in the adult mouse brain, a broad expression pattern of Shh recognized by the specific monoclonal C9C5 antibody in a subset (11–12%) of CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes that do not express carbonic anhydrase II. These cells express also Olig2 and Sox10, two oligodendrocyte lineage-specific markers, but not PDGFRα, a marker of oligodendrocyte progenitors. In agreement with oligodendroglial cells being a source of Shh in the adult mouse brain, we identify Shh transcripts by single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization in a subset of cells expressing Olig2 and Sox10 mRNAs. These findings also reveal that Shh expression is more extensive than originally reported. The Shh-C9C5-associated signal labels the oligodendroglial cell body and decorates by intense puncta the processes. C9C5+ cells are distributed in a grid-like manner. They constitute small units that could deliver locally Shh to its receptor Patched expressed in GFAP+ and S100β+ astrocytes, and in HuC/D+ neurons as shown in PtcLacZ/+ reporter mice. Postnatally, C9C5 immunoreactivity overlaps the myelination peak that occurs between P10 and P20 and is down regulated during ageing. Thus, our data suggest that C9C5+CC1+ oligodendroglial cells are a source of Shh in the mouse postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tirou
- UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, CNRS, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, CNRS, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Helene Faure
- UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, CNRS, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giuliana Pellegrino
- UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, CNRS, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Martial Ruat
- UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, CNRS, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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Daynac M, Tirou L, Faure H, Mouthon MA, Gauthier LR, Hahn H, Boussin FD, Ruat M. Hedgehog Controls Quiescence and Activation of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:735-748. [PMID: 27666792 PMCID: PMC5063572 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms controlling quiescence and activation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is crucial for understanding brain repair. Here, we demonstrate that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling actively regulates different pools of quiescent and proliferative NSCs in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), one of the main brain neurogenic niches. Specific deletion of the Hh receptor Patched in NSCs during adulthood upregulated Hh signaling in quiescent NSCs, progressively leading to a large accumulation of these cells in the V-SVZ. The pool of non-neurogenic astrocytes was not modified, whereas the activated NSC pool increased after a short period, before progressively becoming exhausted. We also showed that Sonic Hedgehog regulates proliferation of activated NSCs in vivo and shortens both their G1 and S-G2/M phases in culture. These data demonstrate that Hh orchestrates the balance between quiescent and activated NSCs, with important implications for understanding adult neurogenesis under normal homeostatic conditions or during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- CNRS, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent R Gauthier
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Tumor Genetics Group, Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - François D Boussin
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, UMR-9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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