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Leach M, Bett B, Said M, Bukachi S, Sang R, Anderson N, Machila N, Kuleszo J, Schaten K, Dzingirai V, Mangwanya L, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Lawson E, Amponsah-Mensah K, Moses LM, Wilkinson A, Grant DS, Koninga J. Local disease-ecosystem-livelihood dynamics: reflections from comparative case studies in Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0163. [PMID: 28584171 PMCID: PMC5468688 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores the implications for human health of local interactions between disease, ecosystems and livelihoods. Five interdisciplinary case studies addressed zoonotic diseases in African settings: Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Kenya, human African trypanosomiasis in Zambia and Zimbabwe, Lassa fever in Sierra Leone and henipaviruses in Ghana. Each explored how ecological changes and human–ecosystem interactions affect pathogen dynamics and hence the likelihood of zoonotic spillover and transmission, and how socially differentiated peoples’ interactions with ecosystems and animals affect their exposure to disease. Cross-case analysis highlights how these dynamics vary by ecosystem type, across a range from humid forest to semi-arid savannah; the significance of interacting temporal and spatial scales; and the importance of mosaic and patch dynamics. Ecosystem interactions and services central to different people's livelihoods and well-being include pastoralism and agro-pastoralism, commercial and subsistence crop farming, hunting, collecting food, fuelwood and medicines, and cultural practices. There are synergies, but also tensions and trade-offs, between ecosystem changes that benefit livelihoods and affect disease. Understanding these can inform ‘One Health’ approaches towards managing ecosystems in ways that reduce disease risks and burdens. This article is part of the themed issue ‘One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Leach
- Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Said
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Neil Anderson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Noreen Machila
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Kuleszo
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina M Moses
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Annie Wilkinson
- Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
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Dzingirai V, Bukachi S, Leach M, Mangwanya L, Scoones I, Wilkinson A. Structural drivers of vulnerability to zoonotic disease in Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0169. [PMID: 28584177 PMCID: PMC5468694 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper argues that addressing the underlying structural drivers of disease vulnerability is essential for a ‘One Health’ approach to tackling zoonotic diseases in Africa. Through three case studies—trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe, Ebola and Lassa fever in Sierra Leone and Rift Valley fever in Kenya—we show how political interests, commercial investments and conflict and securitization all generate patterns of vulnerability, reshaping the political ecology of disease landscapes, influencing traditional coping mechanisms and affecting health service provision and outbreak responses. A historical, political economy approach reveals patterns of ‘structural violence’ that reinforce inequalities and marginalization of certain groups, increasing disease risks. Addressing the politics of One Health requires analysing trade-offs and conflicts between interests and visions of the future. For all zoonotic diseases economic and political dimensions are ultimately critical and One Health approaches must engage with these factors, and not just end with an ‘anti-political’ focus on institutional and disciplinary collaboration. This article is part of the themed issue ‘One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vupenyu Dzingirai
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Salome Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melissa Leach
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
| | - Lindiwe Mangwanya
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ian Scoones
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
| | - Annie Wilkinson
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
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Scoones I, Dzingirai V, Anderson N, MacLeod E, Mangwanya L, Matawa F, Murwira A, Nyakupinda L, Shereni W, Welburn SC. People, Patches, and Parasites: The Case of Trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Hum Ecol Interdiscip J 2017; 45:643-654. [PMID: 29170590 PMCID: PMC5680381 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-017-9929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the socio-ecology of disease requires careful attention to the role of patches within disease landscapes. Such patches, and the interfaces between different socio-epidemiological systems, we argue, have important implications for disease control. We conducted an interdisciplinary study over three years to investigate the spatial dynamics of human and animal trypanosomiasis in the Zambezi valley, Zimbabwe. We used a habitat niche model to identify changes in suitable habitat for tsetse fly vectors over time, and this is related to local villagers' understandings of where flies are found. Fly trapping and blood DNA analysis of livestock highlighted the patchy distribution of both flies and trypanosome parasites. Through livelihoods analysis we explored who makes use of what areas of the landscape and when, identifying the social groups most at risk. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications, including the need for an integrated 'One Health' approach involving targeted approaches to both vector control and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Scoones
- ESRC STEPS Centre, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RE UK
| | - V. Dzingirai
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - N. Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG UK
| | - E. MacLeod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - L. Mangwanya
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - F. Matawa
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - A. Murwira
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - L. Nyakupinda
- Tsetse Control Division, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY52, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - W. Shereni
- Tsetse Control Division, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box CY52, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - S. C. Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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Dzingirai V, Bett B, Bukachi S, Lawson E, Mangwanya L, Scoones I, Waldman L, Wilkinson A, Leach M, Winnebah T. Zoonotic diseases: who gets sick, and why? Explorations from Africa. Critical Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2016.1187260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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