Provider Perceptions of a Novel Inpatient Co-Rounding Model Integrating Medical Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Radiation Oncology for the Care of Patients with Advanced Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Patients (pts) with advanced cancer require interdisciplinary care. Although tumor boards are well-established in the outpatient setting, few studies have evaluated interventions for improving consultative care coordination for hospitalized pts with cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel inpatient co-rounding model of care in which medical-, neuro-, and radiation-oncology consult teams rounded jointly, with the hypothesis that primary referring team perception of the alignment of the recommendations from these consult services would improve post-implementation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

An inpatient co-rounding model was implemented in September 2021 for hospitalized pts with solid malignancies at a tertiary medical center. Attending physicians, nurse practitioners, fellows, and residents from oncologic consulting services met virtually twice weekly to discuss pt care. Providers from the two most common primary services for pts with cancer at this hospital (hospital medicine and neurosurgery) were surveyed via institutional email listservs. The survey included Likert-type questions about the quality of inpatient consultation and the alignment of recommendations across three consulting oncological specialty services. The pre-intervention survey was distributed prior to model implementation, and the post-intervention survey was distributed 9 months later. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare responses from the pre-and post-intervention surveys.

RESULTS

At each session, a median of 6 providers attended (range, 4-8 providers), and a median of 6 pts were discussed (range, 4-8 pts). Among 331 providers surveyed, 119 completed the pre-intervention survey (36% response rate), and 34 completed the post-intervention survey (10% response rate). Respondents were 81 (53%) internal medicine attending physicians/hospitalists, 55 (36%) internal medicine resident physicians, 6 (4%) neurosurgery advanced practice providers, 6 (4%) neurosurgery attending physicians, and 5 (3%) neurosurgery resident physicians. When asked to rate agreement with the statement that consultant recommendations from medical-, neuro-, and radiation-oncology were aligned, respondents were significantly more likely to perceive alignment 9 months post-implementation (67% strongly agree) compared to pre-implementation (23% strongly agree, p = 0.0001). There was high satisfaction with the quality of medical-, neuro-, and radiation-oncology consultations at both time points, with no statistical difference pre- vs. post-implementation of the co-rounding model.

CONCLUSION

A novel inpatient co-rounding model of care was successfully launched between medical-, neuro-, and radiation-oncology. Primary teams perceived greater alignment in recommendations between these consulting services after project implementation. Future directions include evaluating the impact of this co-rounding model on patient outcomes.

Acute and Late Toxicities in Patients with Collagen Vascular Disease Receiving Curative-Intent Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy to the Head and Neck Region

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Historically, collagen vascular disease (CVD) was considered at least a relative contraindication to radiotherapy (RT). However, more recent meta-analyses suggest that for patients with certain CVDs such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there may not be an increased risk for severe toxicities, while for patients with CVDs such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis (DM) and scleroderma, there may be as high as a 2- to 4-fold risk for severe toxicities compared to patients without CVD. There are also data to suggest that patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and comorbid CVD are at especially high risk of severe toxicities from RT. This study evaluated the hypothesis that among patients with HNC treated with curative-intent intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), patients with SLE or DM were more likely to have had late grade ≥3 toxicity rates compared to patients with other CVDs.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 23 patients who had HNC with comorbid CVD and received IMRT between 2005-2022 were included. Acute (≤90 days after completion of RT) and late (>90 days) toxicities were retrospectively classified using CTCAE v5.0. Toxicity rates were compared across CVD groups using Chi-squared tests.

RESULTS

Median follow-up was 56.3 months. The most common CVDs were RA (9 patients, 39%), SLE (4 patients, 17%), and DM (4 patients, 17%). Median total RT dose was 66 Gy (range: 48-70 Gy), in 1.8-2.4 Gy fractions. Nine (39%) patients received concurrent chemotherapy. 14 (61%) patients had mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 3 (13%) had cutaneous SCC, 2 (9%) had nasal cavity/paranasal sinus tumors, 2 (9%) had salivary gland tumors, 1 (4%) had cutaneous melanoma, and 1 (4%) had mucosal melanoma. Eight (35%) patients experienced acute grade ≥3 toxicities, and 3 (13%) patients experienced late grade ≥3 toxicities (Table 1). No patients had grade≥4 toxicities. Patients with SLE or DM did not have significantly higher risk of late grade ≥3 toxicities compared to those with other CVDs (25% vs. 7%, p = 0.21).

CONCLUSION

In this small sample size of patients with HNC and comorbid CVD, definitive or post-operative IMRT was associated with approximately 35% acute and 15% late severe toxicity rates. While SLE/DM were associated with >3-fold late grade ≥3 toxicities, this association needs to be confirmed with larger data sets.

Toxicity and Dosimetric Analysis of Reirradiation of Head and Neck Cancers with High Dose Rate Brachytherapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Reirradiation (reRT) of recurrent or second primary head and neck cancers (HNC) after prior curative-intent external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) has historically achieved local control (LC) rates of 40-50% and been associated with high grade toxicity rates estimated at 25-50%. This study evaluated the hypothesis that patients with small reRT target volumes could be selected for high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) reRT and achieve similar LC without excess toxicity.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Included were all patients with HNC squamous cell carcinoma treated with HDR-BT after having previously received curative-intent EBRT for primary HNC from 2000-2021. Patients were selected by a multidisciplinary tumor board to be appropriate candidates for HDR-BT reRT without EBRT generally for definitive or adjuvant treatment of small primary tumors without neck nodal metastases. Univariate analysis was performed using the logistic regression model. Survival outcomes were estimated with the Kaplan Meier method.

RESULTS

Twenty-three patients were evaluated. Median follow up time was 19mo. Median age at time of HDR-BT was 64 years. Thirteen patients (57%) were treated for recurrent HNC, of which 7 were in the oral cavity (OC) and 6 were the oropharynx (OPX). Ten patients (43%) were treated for a second primary HNC, of which 5 were in the OC and 5 were in the OPX. Median time from completion of EBRT to HDR-BT was 41 (IQR 14-73) mo. Within their reRT course, 11 patients (48%) were treated with HDR-BT after resection, 9 patients (39%) received concurrent hyperthermia, and 7 patients (30%) received chemotherapy. HDR-BT regimens included 600cGy x5 (N = 11), 600cGy x6 (N = 6), 450cGy x8 (N = 1), 1500cGy x1 (N = 1),1000cGy x1 (N = 1), 500cGy x8 (N = 1), and 700cGy x5 (N = 1). One patient who was treated with two implants received 450cGy x 3 followed by 475cGy x5. A median of 5 brachytherapy catheters were used. Actuarial 2-year LC and overall survival rate was 68% and 62%, respectively. Of the 17 HDR-BT reRT plans available for review, median (IQR) target volume was 15.8 (10.6-34.9) cc. Median (IQR) target V100% was 90.6 (89.4-90.0)%, V150% was 50.5 (49.7-54.4)%, and V200% was 25.4 (23.8-29.0)%. Median (IQR) target D90% was 30.1 (29.8-35.5) Gy, and median D1cc was 116.4 (100.5-171.4) Gy. The mandible dose [median (IQR)] was D2cc:15.1(9.48-18.9) Gy; D1cc:16.9(11.1-21.3) Gy; and D1%:18.8(13.4-22.7) Gy. Nine of the 23 patients (39%) experienced ≥G3 toxicity including fistula, soft tissue necrosis, osteoradionecrosis, ulcer, hemorrhage, and dysphagia requiring a chronic feeding tube. Target D90% was associated with ≥G3 toxicity (p = 0.045). For D90% greater than the median of 30Gy, 45% ≥G3 toxicity was observed.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that HDR-BT for reRT of small recurrent or second primary HNC can provide similar LC without excess high-grade toxicities as compared to historical outcomes with EBRT reRT. Delivery of equivalent doses higher than 30Gy in 5 fractions should be approached with caution.

Effects of different drying treatments on the microstructure, free amino acids, volatile compounds and antioxidant activity of Flammulina velutipes root

Drying treatments are an effective method of preserving the beneficial properties of postharvest mushrooms. The effects of natural-air drying (ND), hot-air drying (HD), vacuum-freeze drying (FD), heat pump drying (HPD) and microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) on the microstructure, flavor- and health-related compounds of F. velutipes root were investigated. The results showed that FD had the least impact on the microstructure of F. velutipes root and its original porous fiber structure appeared complete. It also possessed the highest content of volatile compounds. MVD gave the highest contents of umami amino acids, total phenolics and total flavonoids, and its extract exhibited high antioxidant activity. In addition, different drying treatments had significant effect on the chemical components of F. velutipes root, with FD and MVD may be the potent drying strategies for preservation of flavor and nutraceuticals respectively. Therefore, our results provided essential data support for F. velutipes root processing and functional product development.

Principle and Application of Steam Explosion Technology in Modification of Food Fiber

Steam explosion is a widely used hydrothermal pretreatment method, also known as autohydrolysis, which has become a popular pretreatment method due to its lower energy consumption and lower chemical usage. In this review, we summarized the technical principle of steam explosion, and its definition, modification and application in dietary fiber, which have been explored by researchers in recent years. The principle and application of steam explosion technology in the modification of food dietary fiber were analyzed. The change in dietary fiber structure; physical, chemical, and functional characteristics; the advantages and disadvantages of the method; and future development trends were discussed, with the aim to strengthen the economic value and utilization of plants with high dietary fiber content and their byproducts.

Diagnostic panel of serum miR-125b-5p, miR-182-5p, and miR-200c-3p as non-invasive biomarkers for urothelial bladder cancer

PURPOSE

This study aimed to identify a diagnostic panel of serum microRNAs (miRNAs) for the early detection of bladder cancer (BC).

METHODS

Serum samples were collected from 112 BC patients and 112 normal controls (NCs). A three-stage selection was conducted to identify differentially expressed miRNAs as candidates to construct the diagnostic panel. Further, to explore their potential roles in urothelial BC, bioinformatics analyses, including target genes prediction and functional annotation, were used.

RESULTS

Six downregulated miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-143-3p, and miR-200c-3p) and one upregulated, miR-182-5p, in BC patients' serum were detected compared to NCs and were selected to establish the diagnostic panel. Based on a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis, miR-125b-5p, miR-182-5p, and miR-200c-3p comprehended the diagnostic panel [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.959, sensitivity = 91.67%, specificity = 92.5%].

CONCLUSION

The panel of three miRNAs had an excellent diagnostic capability, representing a potential non-invasive method for early BC detection.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes in young patients with myocardial infarction

Background

Young people hold a stable or increasing percentage of patients with acute myocardial infarction in many countries. However, data on clinical characteristics and outcomes in young patients are lacking.

Purpose

To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients aged ≤45 years and those aged >45 years with acute myocardial infarction.

Methods

A total of 24125 patients with acute myocardial infarction between January 2013 and September 2014 from China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) registry were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, in-hospital and 2-year outcomes were compared between patients aged ≤45 years (young) and those aged >45 years (older). Gender disparity in prognosis of myocardial infarction was analyzed among young patients.

Results

Of 24125 patients, 2042 (8.5%, 116 female) were aged ≤45 years. Compared with patients aged >45 years, young patients were more often male, current smokers, having medical history of hyperlipidemia and family history of premature coronary artery disease. Young patients were significantly more likely to have clear trigger factor, present with persistent chest pain and suffer ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Symptom onset to admission time was shorter in patients aged ≤45 years. For patients undergoing emergency coronary angiography, those aged ≤45 years were more likely to suffer left anterior descending coronary artery related myocardial infarction. Young patients were significantly more likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention and other medications at discharge, including dual antiplatelet therapy, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers and β blockers. Compared with patients aged >45 years, young patients experienced significantly lower in-hospital and 2-year mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE, a composite of death, reinfarction and stroke) rates (Table 1). Among young patients, women experienced higher in-hospital mortality and MACCE rates than men (Table 2). Women who survived at discharge experienced significantly higher 2-year mortality (1.4% vs 3.8%, Log-rank P=0.0412, Table 2).

Conclusions

Compared with the older patients, young patients were more likely to present with typical symptoms and receive guideline-recommended medications. Clinical outcomes of patients aged ≤45 years were significantly better than older patients. However, our results showed significant gender disparity in both short- and long-term outcomes of young patients. More efforts are needed to improve prognosis in young patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Twelfth Five-Year Planning Project of the Scientific and Technological Department of China

[Treatment strategies and research progress of acute ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis]

In the past,treatment of acute ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis (IFDVT) was mainly based on anticoagulation alone,but 30%-50% of patients will develop post-thrombotic syndrome,causing a serious medical burden.Thrombus removal technology such as catheter-directed thrombolysis and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy can effectively remove blood clots and compensate for the deficiencies of simple anticoagulation,which is expected to improve the prognosis of such disease,but the current evidence is insufficient,and other treatments such as filter implantation and compression therapy are also controversial.This article summarizes the treatment strategies and the latest progress of acute IFDVT,hoping to help the treatment of this type of disease.

Molecular Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Activities of a Novel Sulfated Galactofucan from Saccharina japonica

Seaweed of Saccharina japonica is the most abundantly cultured brown seaweed in the world, and has been consumed in the food industry due to its nutrition and the unique properties of its polysaccharides. In this study, fucoidan (LJNF3), purified from S. japonica, was found to be a novel sulfated galactofucan, with the monosaccharide of only fucose and galactose in a ratio of 79.22:20.78, and with an 11.36% content of sulfate groups. NMR spectroscopy showed that LJNF3 consists of (1→3)-α-l-fucopyranosyl-4-SO₃ residues and (1→6)-β-d-galactopyranose units. The molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect in RAW264.7 demonstrated that LJNF3 reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), and down-regulated the expression of MAPK (including p38, ENK and JNK) and NF-κB (including p65 and IKKα/IKKβ) signaling pathways. In a zebrafish experiment assay, LJNF3 showed a significantly protective effect, by reducing the cell death rate, inhibiting NO to 59.43%, and decreasing about 40% of reactive oxygen species. This study indicated that LJNF3, which only consisted of fucose and galactose, had the potential to be developed in the biomedical, food and cosmetic industries.

A Sulfated Polysaccharide from Saccharina japonica Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation Both in a Macrophage Cell Model via Blocking MAPK/NF-κB Signal Pathways In Vitro and a Zebrafish Model of Embryos and Larvae In Vivo

Inflammation is a complicated host-protective response to stimuli and toxic conditions, and is considered as a double-edged sword. A sulfated Saccharinajaponica polysaccharide (LJPS) with a sulfate content of 9.07% showed significant inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and zebrafish. Its chemical and structural properties were investigated via HPLC, GC, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LJPS significantly inhibited the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, LJPS showed strong protective effects against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish, increasing the survival rate, reducing the heart rate and yolk sac edema size, and inhibiting cell death and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. Its convenience for large-scale production and significant anti-inflammatory activity indicated the potential application of LJPS in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

[Clinical study on the accuracy of occlusal contacts on digital model]

Objective: To explore the accuracy of occlusal contacts on digital model made by intraoral scanner. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects [6 males, 14 females, (24.4±1.4) years old] with intact dentition were randomly recruited from postgraduate students in Capital Medical University School of Stomatology who volunteered to participate in this study. For each participant, the 2nd and 3rd quadrant of natural dentition was scanned. A diagnostic test design was performed. The occlusal contacts of the maximal intercuspal position (MIP) were extracted with the transillumination of silicone interocclusal records, and the extraction threshold was set as ≤50 μm. Intraoral scanning system was used to scan in MIP and generate occlusal contacts on digital model. Five groups were designed as test groups according to included tooth position: group 1 (buccal scanning ranged from tooth 21 to 23), group 2 (buccal scanning ranged from tooth 23 to 26), group 3 (buccal scanning ranged from tooth 24 to 26), group 4 (buccal scanning ranged from tooth 25 to 26), group 5 (buccal scanning ranged from tooth 21 to 26). Five groups occlusal contacts on digital model were generated respectively. According to the relevant literature, the upper occlusal surface was divided into 28 partitions, and the accuracy of occlusal contacts on digital model was calculated with the transillumination of silicone interocclusal records as the reference standard. Subgroup analysis was performed according to anterior teeth area, premolars area and molars area. Results: The accuracy of occlusal contacts on digital models of the half dentition in five buccal scanning positions were: group 1 (86.8%), group 2 (92.0%), group 3 (90.7%), group 4 (91.1%), group 5 (90.4%), and the accuracy of occlusal contacts in group 1 was significantly lower than those in the other four groups (P<0.05). The accuracy of anterior teeth area were 85.6%-93.9%; the accuracy of premolar area were 92.5%-94.4%; the accuracy of molar area were 77.3%-93.6%, group 1 was significantly lower than those in the group 4 in molars area (P<0.05), the accuracy of anterior area was statistically less than premolars area and molars area in group 1 (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in pairwise comparison between the three sections (P>0.05). Conclusions: The digital models scanned intraoral methods provide accurate, quantitative measures of occlusal contacts when transillumination contacts are the reference standard.

In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a fucose-rich fucoidan isolated from Saccharina japonica

A fucoidan (LJSF4) purified from Saccharina japonica was found to show a strong anti-inflammatory effect via activity assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and zebrafish. Chemical and structural analysis indicated that LJSF4 with a sulfate content of 30.72% was composed of fucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose and mannose with molar ratio percentages of 79.49%, 16.76%, 0.82%, 1.08% and 1.84%. NMR spectroscopy showed that LJSF4 is a polysaccharide with a backbone of alternating 1 → 3 linked α-l-fucopyranosyl and →4-α-l-fucopyranosyl with sulfate groups mainly at C-4 and partially at C-2 positions. Moreover, it also contained branches in the form of β-d-Galp-(1 → 4) units. The results of anti-inflammatory effect in vitro demonstrated that LJSF4 decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. The mechanism revealed to be associated with the down-regulated expression of signal pathways including MAPK and NF-κB. By in vivo assay, LJSF4 showed a significantly protective effect by reducing the cell death rate, and the production of NO and ROS on LPS exposed zebrafish. Our results indicated that LJSF4 has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent applied in functional food and cosmetic industries.

The importance of proper and prompt treatment of ocular syphilis: a lesson from permanent vision loss in 52 eyes

BACKGROUND

Ocular involvement can occur at any stage of syphilis. Prompt diagnosis and proper treatment of ocular syphilis are vital to avoid long-term consequences.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the risk factors for ocular syphilis and clinical features of blindness caused by syphilis.

METHODS

We report risk factors for ocular syphilis amongst patients seen at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital between October 2009 and October 2017. We identify patients with ocular syphilis resulting in blindness and report the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes of these patients.

RESULTS

A total of 8310 new cases of syphilis were seen, of which 213 patients had ocular disease and 50 patients had blindness due to syphilis. Increasing age and higher RPR titres were associated with ocular involvement but there was no association with HIV status. Blindness in syphilis was restricted predominantly to patients with optic nerve involvement and not patients with isolated uveitis. Fifty patients (and a total of 67 eyes) met the WHO definition of blindness prior to treatment for syphilis. At the end of follow-up, vision had improved in 24 of 67 eyes (35.8%) after treatment. Successful treatment of uveitis was associated with the best improvement in visual acuity, whilst patient with underlying optic atrophy prior to treatment had the worst visual outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Ocular involvement is an important manifestation of syphilis which may result in blindness. Our data demonstrate outcomes for ocular syphilis are poor if detected late; early recognition and diagnosis is therefore vital to avoid permanent visual loss.

Protective Effect of a Fucose-Rich Fucoidan Isolated from Saccharina japonica against Ultraviolet B-Induced Photodamage In Vitro in Human Keratinocytes and In Vivo in Zebrafish

A fucose-rich fucoidan was purified from brown seaweed Saccharina japonica, of which the UVB protective effect was investigated in vitro in keratinocytes of HaCaT cells and in vivo in zebrafish. The intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and the viability of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells were determined. The results indicate that the purified fucoidan significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and improved the viability of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the purified fucoidan remarkably decreased the apoptosis by regulating the expressions of Bax/Bcl-xL and cleaved caspase-3 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the in vivo UV protective effect of the purified fucoidan was investigated using a zebrafish model. It significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, the cell death, the NO production, and the lipid peroxidation in UVB-irradiated zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that purified fucoidan has a great potential to be developed as a natural anti-UVB agent applied in the cosmetic industry.

SAT0149 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS FOR EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF FILGOTINIB AND ITS METABOLITE GS-829845 IN SUBJECTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BASED ON PHASE 2 AND PHASE 3 STUDIES

Background:

Filgotinib is an orally administered small molecule that provides selective inhibition of JAK1, a signaling molecule that helps drive inflammatory pathways underlying rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Objectives:

Exposure-response (ER) analyses were performed for efficacy following completion of Phase 2 studies over a wide range of doses to support evaluation of 200mg and 100 mg once daily in Phase 3 studies. ER analyses were subsequently performed by using Phase 3 efficacy data to support selection of the proposed registrational dose. ER analyses for safety based on pooled Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies were conducted to examine the safety of evaluated doses.

Methods:

Population PK analyses were conducted to estimate plasma exposures of filgotinib and GS-829845 (major circulating active metabolite of filgotinib) in both Phase 2 (DARWIN 1 and DARWIN 2) and Phase 3 studies (FINCH 1, FINCH 2, and FINCH 3) encompassing a dose range of 25 to 100 mg twice daily and 50 to 200 mg once daily. As both filgotinib and GS-829845 contribute to efficacy via JAK1 inhibition, their exposures were combined into single parameters, AUCeff and Ctau-eff (effective area under the curve and effective concentration at trough, by accounting for relative inhibition potency and molecular weight) in the ER analyses for various efficacy endpoints (e.g ACR20/50/70 responses) at Week 12 and Week 24. The ER analyses for safety endpoints (the 5 most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events [TEAEs] and Grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormalities, serious TEAEs, and serious infections) were performed separately for filgotinib and GS-829845 exposures to characterize the individual safety profile of each analyte. The 5 evaluated TEAEs were nausea, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, and hypertension; the 5 Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities included lymphocytes decrease, glucose increase, phosphate decrease, triacylglycerol lipase increase, and creatine kinase increase.

Results:

In the ER analyses for efficacy based on Phase 2 studies, high response rates were demonstrated in ACR20/50/70 across all octile groups in subjects with RA receiving filgotinib and the ER supported further evaluation of both 200 mg and 100 mg once daily doses in Phase 3 clinical studies. Similarly, ER relationships based on pooled Phase 3 studies across various endpoints (e.g ACR20/50/70) consistently revealed high response rates across the exposure range for both the filgotinib 200 mg and 100 mg doses. A trend of increasing response with increasing exposure was observed over the exposure range for multiple secondary efficacy endpoints including ACR50 and ACR70 with the effective exposures at filgotinib 200 mg primarily residing on the plateau of the ER curves.

Filgotinib was generally well-tolerated with no individual TEAE or Grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormality > 5% in the filgotinib 200 mg once daily group up to Week 12. No relationships were observed between filgotinib and GS-829845 exposures (AUC0-24 and Cmax) and the most frequent TEAEs, Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities, serious TEAEs, or serious infections up to Week 52.

Conclusion:

ER analyses demonstrate that both the 200 mg and 100 mg once daily filgotinib doses are efficacious in subjects with moderately to severely active RA without clear dose-dependent effects on safety. The trend towards greater efficacy with higher exposures for some secondary endpoints (ACR50 and ACR70) and a lack of exposure-safety relationship supports a dose of 200 mg once daily over 100 mg once daily since it presents the best benefit/risk ratio among the doses tested.

Disclosure of Interests: :

Amy Meng Shareholder of: Gilead Sciences, Employee of: Gilead, Kacey Anderson Shareholder of: Gilead Sciences, Employee of: Sciences, Cara Nelson Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead, Brian Kirby Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead, Liyun Ni Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead, Shu-Min Chuang Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead, Brian Kearney Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead, Anita Mathias Shareholder of: Gilead, Employee of: Gilead

Genome-wide association study for growth and fatness traits in Chinese Sujiang pigs

Growth and fatness traits are complex and economically important traits in the pig industry. The molecular basis underlying porcine growth and fatness traits remains largely unknown. To uncover genetic loci and candidate genes for these traits, we explored the GeneSeek GGP Porcine 80K SNP chip to perform a GWAS for seven growth and fatness traits in 365 individuals from the Sujiang pig, a recently developed breed in China. We identified two, 17, one and 11 SNPs surpassing the suggestively significant threshold (P < 1.86 × 10^-5 ) for body weight, chest circumference, chest width and backfat thickness respectively. Of these SNPs, 20 represent novel genetic loci, and five and four SNPs were respectively associated with chest circumference and backfat thickness at a genome-wide significant threshold (P < 9.31 × 10^-7 ). Eight SNPs had a pleiotropic effect on both chest circumference and backfat thickness. The most remarkable locus resided in a region between 72.95 and 76.27 Mb on pig chromosome 4, harboring a number of previously reported quantitative trait loci related to backfat deposition. In addition to two reported genes (PLAG1 and TAS2R38), we identified four genes including GABRB3, ZNF106, XKR4 and MGAM as novel candidates for body weight and backfat thickness at the mapped loci. Our findings provide insights into the genetic architecture of porcine growth and fatness traits and potential markers for selective breeding of Chinese Sujiang pigs.

Podocyte GSK3α is important for autophagy and its loss detrimental for glomerular function

Podocytes are key cells in maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and preventing albuminuria. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a multi-functional serine/threonine kinase existing as two distinct but related isoforms (α and β). In the podocyte it has previously been reported that inhibition of the β isoform is beneficial in attenuating a variety of glomerular disease models but loss of both isoforms is catastrophic. However, it is not known what the role of GSK3α is in these cells. We now show that GSK3α is present and dynamically modulated in podocytes. When GSK3α is transgenically knocked down specifically in the podocytes of mice it causes mild but significant albuminuria by 6-weeks of life. Its loss also does not protect in models of diabetic or Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. In vitro deletion of podocyte GSK3α causes cell death and impaired autophagic flux suggesting it is important for this key cellular process. Collectively this work shows that GSK3α is important for podocyte health and that augmenting its function may be beneficial in treating glomerular disease.

[Smoking abstinence rate and its associated factors between abrupt and gradual smoking cessation]

Objective: To analyze and compare the abstinence rate of smoking quitting methods and its associated factors between abrupt and gradual smoking cessation in smokers with drug-based therapy. Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in patients undergoing quitting smoking intervention in Ruijin Hospital smoking cessation clinic between June 2013 and May 2016. All the subjects were randomized in a 1∶1 ratio into the abrupt smoking cessation group (smoking as usual over 3 weeks before a planned quit day, and then stopping smoking abruptly) and the gradual smoking cessation group (gradually reducing tobacco use over 3 weeks before a planned quit day, and then stopping smoking totally). The primary outcome was the complete abstinence rate, and the secondary outcomes included 1-month, 3-month and 6 month 7-day point prevalence of abstinence rates and 3 month sustained abstinence rates. Changes of body weight and drug adverse events were also compared. Results: A total of 314 moderate to severe nicotine-dependent patients were admitted in the study, including 157 patients in the abrupt smoking cessation and 157 patients in the gradual smoking cessation group. Fourteen patients fell off during the follow-up. For the complete abstinence rate, the gradual smoking cessation group was higher than the abrupt smoking cessation group(55.0% vs. 36.9%, χ(2)=9.841, P=0.002) .For 7-d smoking abstinence rate in the 1st, 3rd, 6th month, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). As for the 3-month sustained abstinence rate, a higher smoking quitting rate was seen in the gradual smoking cessation group compared to the abrupt smoking cessation group in the 6-month follow-up (17.9% vs.8.7%, χ(2)=5.441, P=0.020). The adverse drug reaction incidence was higher in the abrupt smoking cessation group than the gradual smoking cessation group (Gastrointestinal discomfort: 39.2% vs. 17.7%, χ(2)=12.336, P=0.000; Dreaminess: 40.2% vs. 13.3%, χ(2)=20.172, P=0.000). Conclusions: For moderate to severe nicotine-dependent patients, the gradual smoking cessation could serve to enhance the abstinence rate and mitigate the withdrawal symptoms.

Podocyte GSK3 is an evolutionarily conserved critical regulator of kidney function

Albuminuria affects millions of people, and is an independent risk factor for kidney failure, cardiovascular morbidity and death. The key cell that prevents albuminuria is the terminally differentiated glomerular podocyte. Here we report the evolutionary importance of the enzyme Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3) for maintaining podocyte function in mice and the equivalent nephrocyte cell in Drosophila. Developmental deletion of both GSK3 isoforms (α and β) in murine podocytes causes late neonatal death associated with massive albuminuria and renal failure. Similarly, silencing GSK3 in nephrocytes is developmentally lethal for this cell. Mature genetic or pharmacological podocyte/nephrocyte GSK3 inhibition is also detrimental; producing albuminuric kidney disease in mice and nephrocyte depletion in Drosophila. Mechanistically, GSK3 loss causes differentiated podocytes to re-enter the cell cycle and undergo mitotic catastrophe, modulated via the Hippo pathway but independent of Wnt-β-catenin. This work clearly identifies GSK3 as a critical regulator of podocyte and hence kidney function.

OCT4 is up-regulated by DNA hypomethylation of promoter in recurrent gliomas

OCT4, a marker of embryonic stem cells, is also a key transcription factor that plays a regulatory role in the self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Previous studies showed that DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of OCT4 expression during the development and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. However, DNA methylation in the promoter region of OCT4 has not yet been discussed in human recurrent glioma. In this study, we assessed the specimens from 24 cases of recurrent glioma for OCT4 expression and methylation status, and commenced analyzing the correlation between the two by treating glioma cells with a demethylating agent in vitro. The results demonstrated that for the same cases, the expression of OCT4 in specimens of recurrent glioma was significant higher than that in primary glioma (P<0.05). DNA methylation levels in recurrent glioma decreased obviously compared with that in primary glioma (t=9.800, P=0.008). In vitro study indicated, following demethylation treatment, glioma cells had an increased OCT4 expression. These results suggest that DNA hypomethylation may be a key mechanism underlying the up-regulation of OCT4 in the recurrence of glioma, which facilitates the understanding of the role of stem cells and the exploration of novel strategies for the treatment of recurrent glioma.

Gene deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1 confers resilience to chronic social defeat stress via regulating the stability of surface AMPARs

Both inflammatory processes and glutamatergic systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood-related disorders. However, the role of caspase-1, a classic inflammatory caspase, in behavioral responses to chronic stress remains largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of caspase-1 on preclinical murine models of depression. We found that loss of caspase-1 expression in Caspase-1^-/- knockout mice alleviated chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors, whereas overexpression of caspase-1 in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) mice was sufficient to induce depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, chronic stress reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission and decreased surface expression of glutamate receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of WT mice, but not Caspase-1^-/- mice. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling pathway prevented the depression-like behaviors and the decrease in surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in stressed WT mice. Finally, the effects of chronic stress on both depression- and anxiety-like behaviors can be mimicked by exogenous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of IL-1β in both WT and Caspase-1^-/- mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that an increase in the caspase-1/IL-1β axis facilitates AMPAR internalization in the hippocampus, which dysregulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission, eventually resulting in depression-like behaviors. These results may represent an endophenotype for chronic stress-induced depression.

FAM196B acts as oncogene and promotes proliferation of gastric cancer cells through AKT signaling pathway

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report that family with sequence similarity 196 member B (FAM196B) is highly expressed in primary GC tissues and the expression level is correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics of GC. In this experiment, knockdown of FAM196B suppressed GC cell proliferation and induced G1/G0 to S phase cell cycle arrest by regulating Cyclin D1, Cyclin A and CDK2 expressions. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of FAM196B action in GC. The results showed that knockdown of FAM196B inhibited the activation of AKT signaling pathway. We further revealed that activating of AKT rescued the effect of FAM196B knockdown on cell proliferation and drove cell re-enter into the S phase of the cell cycle with SC79 (a AKT activator). Our findings demonstrated that FAM196B may promote GC cell proliferation by activating AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, this study provides a new evidence that FAM196B functions as a novel oncogene and could be a potential therapeutic target in therapy of GC.

Cesarean birth - What's in a name?

BACKGROUND

Cesarean birth is known as both cesarean section (CS) and cesarean delivery (CD). The International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia (IJOA) is the leading obstetric anesthesia journal, and a barometer of attitudes within the profession. The journal recently published the hundredth issue, spanning 25 years (to December 2016). It is an opportune time to examine the evolution of surgical birth terminology (CS versus CD) during that period.

METHODS

We examined 1583 articles in IJOA, subdividing them into editorials, papers, review articles, debates and case reports. We searched for the terms CS, CD, neither or both; and examined the geographical origin of the articles, dividing them into "North America", Europe" and "Rest of the World".

RESULTS

There has been a change in terminology from CS towards CD - mainly from the mid-2000s onwards. Cesarean delivery was predominantly used in North American publications, while CS was predominantly favoured in European publications. It is possible that some of these trends represent policies of journal reviewers, although this does not explain all geographical differences.

CONCLUSION

The term CS may represent tautology as the Latin roots of "cesarean" and "section" both refer to cutting. This would suggest CD to be the preferred terminology. Cesarean delivery also aligns with other terminology, for example vaginal and forceps delivery. A consistent approach would improve clarity.

MeCP2, a target of miR-638, facilitates gastric cancer cell proliferation through activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway by upregulating GIT1

Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of multiple types of cancer. However, its precise role in gastric cancer (GC) and the relevant molecular mechanism remain unknown. In the present study, we found that miR-638 levels were lower in GC tissues and GC cell lines than in adjacent normal tissues and normal gastric epithelial cell lines, respectively. Low miR-638 levels were associated with poor tumor differentiation, tumor size and lymph node metastasis. MeCP2 expression levels were higher in GC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. It was found that miR-638 inhibited GC cell proliferation, colony formation, G1–S transition and tumor growth, and induced cell apoptosis by directly targeting MeCP2. MeCP2 promoted GC cell proliferation, colony formation and G1–S cell-cycle transition, and suppressed apoptosis. Molecular mechanistic investigations were performed using an integrated approach with a combination of microarray analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and a reporter gene assay. The results showed that MeCP2 bound to the methylated CpG islands of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) promoter and upregulated its expression, thereby activating the MEK1/2–ERK1/2 signaling pathway and promoting GC cell proliferation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that MeCP2, a target of miR-638, facilitates GC cell proliferation and induces cell-cycle progression through activation of the MEK1/2–ERK1/2 signaling pathway by upregulating GIT1. The findings suggest that MeCP2 plays a significant role in GC progression, and may serve as a potential target for GC therapy.

Function and clinical implications of short-chain fatty acids in patients with mixed refractory constipation

AIM

The present study was designed to investigate the function and clinical implications of stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients with mixed refractory constipation.

METHOD

Ascending colon specimens obtained from 30 patients with ascending colon cancer were regarded as the control group. Ascending colon specimens obtained from patients with mixed refractory constipation were regarded as the experimental group and were divided into three subgroups, according to Wexner scores [A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 681-5] of 16-20, 21-25 and 26-30, with 30 patients in each group. The stool SCFAs were extracted and quantitatively analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The expression of G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were detected by immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting of colon samples.

RESULTS

The levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the densitometric quantification and mean density of GPR43 and ChAT proteins, and expression of GPR43 and CHAT genes, were significantly decreased in the patients with mixed refractory constipation (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In the patients with mixed refractory constipation, the levels of stool SCFAs, including acetate, propionate and butyrate, as well as the levels of GPR43 and ChAT expressed in the colon, which were all negatively correlated with the Wexner score, were decreased and may be associated with the pathogenesis of mixed refractory constipation.

The effect of soy or isoflavones on homocysteine levels: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of soy or isoflavones on blood homocysteine levels via a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library (up to 16 December 2015) were used for the literature review. Only randomised controlled trials were included. The primary outcome was the standard mean difference (SMD) of blood homocysteine levels between the experimental and control groups.

RESULTS

Nineteen randomised controlled studies were included for qualitative analysis. Eighteen studies were included in the data synthesis. Soy or isoflavones were found to have no effect on homocysteine levels, with a SMD of -0.21 (95% confidence interval = -0.43 to 0.00, I² =67.7%, random effect model). No publication bias was found among those studies (P = 0.296 for Egger's test, and P = 0.198 for Begg's test).

CONCLUSIONS

Soy or isoflavones were not found to be associated with a reduction in homocysteine levels. Further studies might still be needed in carefully selected populations.

Autophagy Modulates Cell Mineralization on Fluorapatite-Modified Scaffolds

As a major intracellular degradation and recycling machinery, autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and remodeling during normal development. Our previous study showed that fluorapatite (FA) crystal-coated electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) was capable of inducing differentiation and mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells. However, how autophagy changes and whether autophagy plays a vital role during these processes is still unknown. In this study, we seeded STEMPRO human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on both PCL+FA and PCL scaffolds to investigate the osteogenic inductive ability of FA crystals and we observed the autophagy changes of these cells. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy images, along with DNA quantitation, showed that both PCL+FA and PCL scaffolds could sustain ASC growth but only the PCL+FA scaffold could sustain cell mineralization. This was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red and Von Kossa staining results. The autophagy RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction array analysis showed many autophagy-related genes changes during ASC differentiation. Western blot analysis indicated that several autophagy-related proteins fluctuated during the procedure. Among them, the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II protein changes of the ASCs grown on the 2- or 3-dimensional environments at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d reached a peak value at day 7 during osteogenesis. At earlier stages (from day 0 to day 3), the addition of autophagy inhibitors (3-mathyladenine, bafilomycin A1, and NH4Cl) attenuated the expression of osteogenic related markers (osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin red, and Von Kossa) compared with the control group. All data indicated that autophagy played an important role in ASC differentiation on the PCL+FA scaffold. Inhibition of autophagy before day 3 strongly inhibited osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of ASCs in the 3-dimensional model. This observation further elucidates the mechanism of autophagy in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using the expansin 10 (CsEXP10) gene

The cucumber expansin 10 (CsEXP10) gene was previously cloned from young cucumber fruits but its role has not been defined. To determine the role of this gene in plant growth and development, a CsEXP10 gene transformation system was established. The open reading frame of the gene was inserted behind the CaMV35S promoter of vector pCAMBIA1301, and the construct was introduced into tomato plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In total, 19 kanamycin-positive lines were produced and nine independent transgenic lines were identified by β-glucuronidase and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that levels of the CsEXP10 transcript were higher in transgenic lines than in a non-transgenic line.

Reduction of microbial contamination on the surfaces of layer houses using slightly acidic electrolyzed water

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) in reducing pathogens on pure cultures and on cotton fabric surfaces in the presence of organic matter and estimate its efficacy in comparison with povidone iodine solution for reducing pathogenic microorganisms on internal surfaces of layer houses. Pure cultures of E.coli, S.enteritidis, and S.aureus and cotton fabric surfaces inoculated with these strains were treated with SAEW in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the absence of BSA, complete inactivation of all strains in pure cultures and on cotton fabric surfaces was observed after 2.5 and 5 min treatment with SAEW at 40 mg/L of available chlorine concentration (ACC), respectively. The bactericidal efficiency of SAEW increased with increasing ACC, but decreased with increasing BSA concentration. Then, the surfaces of the layer houses were sprayed with SAEW at 60, 80, and 100 mg/L of ACC and povidone iodine using the automated disinfection system at a rate of 110 mL/m(2), respectively. Samples from the floor, wall, feed trough, and egg conveyor belt surfaces were collected with sterile cotton swabs before and after spraying disinfection. Compared to tap water, SAEW and povidone iodine significantly reduced microbial populations on each surface of the layer houses. SAEW with 80 or 100 mg/L of ACC showed significantly higher efficacy than povidone iodine for total aerobic bacteria, staphylococci, coliforms, or yeasts and moulds on the floor and feed trough surfaces (P < 0.05). SAEW was more effective than povidone iodine at reducing total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts and moulds on the wall surface. Additionally, SAEW had similar bactericidal activity with povidone iodine on the surface of the egg conveyor belt. Results suggest that SAEW exerts a higher or equivalent bactericidal efficiency for the surfaces compared to povidone iodine, and it may be used as an effective alternative for reducing microbial contamination on surfaces in layer houses.

Hypoxia induces dysregulation of local renin-angiotensin system in mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cells

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) influences cancer biology and is frequently dysregulated in malignancy. However, regulation of tumor local RAS remains poorly understood. Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors and affects nearly every major aspect of cancer biology. Previous studies have shown that hypoxia can regulate RAS expression in somatic tissues and cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hypoxia on local RAS expression in mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. For hypoxia treatment, LLC cells were cultured in a hypoxia incubator or treated with hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride. Hypoxia up-regulated angiotensin II, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and down-regulated ACE2 and angiotensin II type 2 receptor in LLC cells. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, and losartan, an AT1R blocker, decreased expression of ACE and AT1R, but increased expression of ACE2 and angiotensin II type 2 receptor in LLC cells under hypoxia. Captopril and losartan also suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in LLC cells under hypoxia. These findings suggest that hypoxia induces dysregulation of local RAS in LLC cells. The pathophysiological importance of hypoxia-induced RAS dysregulation and potentially therapeutic effects of RAS inhibitors on hypoxic tumor cells should be further examined.