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Fanchon LM, Beattie BJ, Pentlow K, Larson SM, Humm JL. Optimizing reconstruction parameters for quantitative 124I-PET in the presence of therapeutic doses of 131I. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:50. [PMID: 34250566 PMCID: PMC8273044 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this work was to determine the quantitative accuracy and optimal reconstruction parameters for 124I-PET imaging in the presence of therapeutic levels of 131I. In this effort, images were acquired on a GE D710 PET/CT scanner using a NEMA IEC phantom with spheres containing 124I and increasing amounts of 131I activity in the background. At each activity level, two scans were acquired, one with the phantom centered in the field of view (FOV) and one 11.2 cm off-center. Reconstructions used an ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm with up to 100 iterations of 16 subsets, with and without time-of-flight (TOF) information. Results were evaluated visually and by comparing the 124I activity relative to the scan performed in the absence of 131I. Results 131I within the FOV added to the randoms rate, to dead time, and to pile-up within the detectors. Using our standard clinical reconstruction parameters, the image quality and quantitative accuracy suffered at 131I activities above 1.4 GBq. Convergence rates slowed progressively in the presence of increasing amounts of 131I for both TOF and nonTOF reconstructions. TOF reconstructions converged more quickly than nonTOF but often towards erroneous concentrations. Iterating nonTOF reconstructions to convergence produced quantitatively accurate images except for the off-center phantom at the very highest level of background 131I tested. Conclusions This study shows that quantitative PET is feasible in the presence of large amounts of 131I. The high randoms fractions resulted in slow reconstruction convergence and negatively impacted TOF corrections and/or the accuracy of TOF information. Therefore, increased iterations and nonTOF reconstructions are recommended. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40658-021-00398-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bradley J Beattie
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Keith Pentlow
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Sarrut D, Bała M, Bardiès M, Bert J, Chauvin M, Chatzipapas K, Dupont M, Etxebeste A, M Fanchon L, Jan S, Kayal G, S Kirov A, Kowalski P, Krzemien W, Labour J, Lenz M, Loudos G, Mehadji B, Ménard L, Morel C, Papadimitroulas P, Rafecas M, Salvadori J, Seiter D, Stockhoff M, Testa E, Trigila C, Pietrzyk U, Vandenberghe S, Verdier MA, Visvikis D, Ziemons K, Zvolský M, Roncali E. Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:10.1088/1361-6560/abf276. [PMID: 33770774 PMCID: PMC10549966 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Built on top of the Geant4 toolkit, GATE is collaboratively developed for more than 15 years to design Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear-based imaging systems. It is, in particular, used by researchers and industrials to design, optimize, understand and create innovative emission tomography systems. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments that have been proposed to simulate modern detectors and provide a comprehensive report on imaging systems that have been simulated and evaluated in GATE. Additionally, some methodological developments that are not specific for imaging but that can improve detector modeling and provide computation time gains, such as Variance Reduction Techniques and Artificial Intelligence integration, are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Manuel Bardiès
- Cancer Research Institute of Montpellier, U1194 INSERM/ICM/Montpellier University, 208 Av des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Bert
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Maxime Chauvin
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ane Etxebeste
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Gunjan Kayal
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Paweł Kowalski
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzemien
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Joey Labour
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mirjam Lenz
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Loudos
- Bioemission Technology Solutions (BIOEMTECH), Alexandras Av. 116, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurent Ménard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | | | | | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien Salvadori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Nancyclotep molecular imaging platform, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Seiter
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
| | - Mariele Stockhoff
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlotta Trigila
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
| | - Uwe Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Marc-Antoine Verdier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | - Dimitris Visvikis
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Karl Ziemons
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Milan Zvolský
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emilie Roncali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
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Fanchon LM, Russell J, Pillarsetty N, O’Donoghue I, Gangangari K, Yu KH, Humm JL. Comparing the intra-tumoral distribution of Gemcitabine, 5-Fluorouracil, and Capecitabine in a murine model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231745. [PMID: 32298392 PMCID: PMC7162455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a technique to compare the intra-tumoral distribution of the drug gemcitabine, its surrogate [18F]-fluoroarabinocytosine ([18F]-FAC) and related chemotherapeutics 5-FU and capecitabine in a pre-clinical model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a KPC-organoid derived model of PDAC, we obtained autoradiographic images of the tumor distribution of, [14C]-gemcitabine, [14C]-5-FU, [3H]-capecitabine. These were compared indirectly by co-administering [18F]-FAC, a close analog of gemcitabine with a proven equivalent intra-tumor distribution. The short half-life of 18F allows for clean separation of 3H/14C labeled drugs in specimens by dual isotope digital autoradiography. Autoradiographic images of [14C]-gemcitabine, [3H]-capecitabine and [14C]-5-FU were each correlated to [18F]-FAC on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The tumor drug penetration was compared using cumulative histograms. RESULTS Gemcitabine distribution correlated strongly with FAC as expected. 5-FU also gave a similar microdistribution to that of FAC, whereas no correlation was found between capecitabine or its metabolic products and FAC distribution. Accumulation of Gemcitabine and 5-FU was lower in hypoxic regions of the tumor, whereas no such correlation was observed for capecitabine and its metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine and 5-FU target the same regions of the tumor, leaving hypoxic cells untreated. Capecitabine metabolites penetrate further into the tumor but it is yet to be determined whether these metabolites are the active form of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Isabella O’Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kishore Gangangari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Yu
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John L. Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kirov AS, Fanchon LM, Seiter D, Czmielewski C, Russell J, Dogan S, Carlin S, Pinker-Domenig K, Yorke E, Schmidtlein CR, Boyko V, Fujisawa S, Manova-Todorova K, Zanzonico P, Dauer L, Deasy JO, Humm JL, Solomon S. Technical Note: Scintillation well counters and particle counting digital autoradiography devices can be used to detect activities associated with genomic profiling adequacy of biopsy specimens obtained after a low activity 18 F-FDG injection. Med Phys 2018; 45:2179-2185. [PMID: 29480927 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic profiling of biopsied tissue is the basis for precision cancer therapy. However, biopsied materials may not contain sufficient amounts of tumor deoxyribonucleonic acid needed for the analysis. We propose a method to determine the adequacy of specimens for performing genomic profiling by quantifying their metabolic activity. METHODS We estimated the average density of tumor cells in biopsy specimens needed to successfully perform genomic analysis following the Memorial Sloan Kettering Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) protocol from the minimum amount of deoxyribonucleonic acid needed and the volume of tissue typically used for analysis. The average 18 F-FDG uptake per cell was assessed by incubating HT-29 adenocarcinoma tumor cells in 18 F-FDG containing solution and then measuring their activity with a scintillation well counter. Consequently, we evaluated the response of two devices around the minimum expected activities which would indicate genomic profiling adequacy of biopsy specimens obtained under 18 F-FDG PET/CT guidance. Surrogate samples obtained using 18G core needle biopsies of gels containing either 18 F-FDG-loaded cells in the expected concentrations or the corresponding activity were measured using autoradiography and a scintillation well counter. Autoradiography was performed using a CCD-based device with real-time image display as well as with digital autoradiography imaging plates following a 30-min off-line protocol for specimen activity determination against previously established calibration. RESULTS Cell incubation experiments and estimates obtained from quantitative autoradiography of biopsy specimens (QABS) indicate that specimens acquired under 18 F-FDG PET/CT guidance that contained the minimum amount of cells needed for genomic profiling would have an average activity concentration in the range of about 3 to about 9 kBq/mL. When exposed to specimens with similar activity concentration, both a CCD-based autoradiography device and a scintillation well counter produced signals with sufficient signal-to-background ratio for specimen genomic adequacy identification in less than 10 min, which is short enough to allow procedure guidance. CONCLUSION Scintillation well counter measurements and CCD-based autoradiography have adequate sensitivity to detect the tumor burden needed for genomic profiling during 18 F-FDG PET/CT-guided 18G core needle biopsies of liver adenocarcinoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Christian Czmielewski
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sean Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katja Pinker-Domenig
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ellen Yorke
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - C Ross Schmidtlein
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vitaly Boyko
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sho Fujisawa
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Katia Manova-Todorova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pat Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lawrence Dauer
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph O Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen Solomon
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Fanchon LM, Apte A, Schmidtlein CR, Yorke E, Hu YC, Dogan S, Hatt M, Visvikis D, Humm JL, Solomon SB, Kirov AS. Evaluation of the tumor registration error in biopsy procedures performed under real-time PET/CT guidance. Med Phys 2017; 44:5089-5095. [PMID: 28494089 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to quantify tumor displacement during real-time PET/CT guided biopsy and to investigate correlations between tumor displacement and false-negative results. METHODS 19 patients who underwent real-time 18 F-FDG PET-guided biopsy and were found positive for malignancy were included in this study under IRB approval. PET/CT images were acquired for all patients within minutes prior to biopsy to visualize the FDG-avid region and plan the needle insertion. The biopsy needle was inserted and a post-insertion CT scan was acquired. The two CT scans acquired before and after needle insertion were registered using a deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm. The DIR deformation vector field (DVF) was used to calculate the mean displacement between the pre-insertion and post-insertion CT scans for a region around the tip of the biopsy needle. For 12 patients one biopsy core from each was tracked during histopathological testing to investigate correlations of the mean displacement between the two CT scans and false-negative or true-positive biopsy results. For 11 patients, two PET scans were acquired; one at the beginning of the procedure, pre-needle insertion, and an additional one with the needle in place. The pre-insertion PET scan was corrected for intraprocedural motion by applying the DVF. The corrected PET was compared with the post-needle insertion PET to validate the correction method. RESULTS The mean displacement of tissue around the needle between the pre-biopsy CT and the postneedle insertion CT was 5.1 mm (min = 1.1 mm, max = 10.9 mm and SD = 3.0 mm). For mean displacements larger than 7.2 mm, the biopsy cores gave false-negative results. Correcting pre-biopsy PET using the DVF improved the PET/CT registration in 8 of 11 cases. CONCLUSIONS The DVF obtained from DIR of the CT scans can be used for evaluation and correction of the error in needle placement with respect to the FDG-avid area. Misregistration between the pre-biopsy PET and the CT acquired with the needle in place was shown to correlate with false negative biopsy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Adytia Apte
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - C Ross Schmidtlein
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ellen Yorke
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Hu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mathieu Hatt
- INSERM, UMR 1101, LaTIM, IBRBS, UBO, Brest, France
| | | | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen B Solomon
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Fanchon LM, Dogan S, Moreira AL, Carlin SA, Schmidtlein CR, Yorke E, Apte AP, Burger IA, Durack JC, Erinjeri JP, Maybody M, Schöder H, Siegelbaum RH, Sofocleous CT, Deasy JO, Solomon SB, Humm JL, Kirov AS. Feasibility of in situ, high-resolution correlation of tracer uptake with histopathology by quantitative autoradiography of biopsy specimens obtained under 18F-FDG PET/CT guidance. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:538-44. [PMID: 25722446 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.148668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Core biopsies obtained using PET/CT guidance contain bound radiotracer and therefore provide information about tracer uptake in situ. Our goal was to develop a method for quantitative autoradiography of biopsy specimens (QABS), to use this method to correlate (18)F-FDG tracer uptake in situ with histopathology findings, and to briefly discuss its potential application. METHODS Twenty-seven patients referred for a PET/CT-guided biopsy of (18)F-FDG-avid primary or metastatic lesions in different locations consented to participate in this institutional review board-approved study, which complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Autoradiography of biopsy specimens obtained using 5 types of needles was performed immediately after extraction. The response of autoradiography imaging plates was calibrated using dummy specimens with known activity obtained using 2 core-biopsy needle sizes. The calibration curves were used to quantify the activity along biopsy specimens obtained with these 2 needles and to calculate the standardized uptake value, SUVARG. Autoradiography images were correlated with histopathologic findings and fused with PET/CT images demonstrating the position of the biopsy needle within the lesion. Logistic regression analysis was performed to search for an SUVARG threshold distinguishing benign from malignant tissue in liver biopsy specimens. Pearson correlation between SUVARG of the whole biopsy specimen and average SUVPET over the voxels intersected by the needle in the fused PET/CT image was calculated. RESULTS Activity concentrations were obtained using autoradiography for 20 specimens extracted with 18- and 20-gauge needles. The probability of finding malignancy in a specimen is greater than 50% (95% confidence) if SUVARG is greater than 7.3. For core specimens with preserved shape and orientation and in the absence of motion, one can achieve autoradiography, CT, and PET image registration with spatial accuracy better than 2 mm. The correlation coefficient between the mean specimen SUVARG and SUVPET was 0.66. CONCLUSION Performing QABS on core-biopsy specimens obtained using PET/CT guidance enables in situ correlation of (18)F-FDG tracer uptake and histopathology on a millimeter scale. QABS promises to provide useful information for guiding interventional radiology procedures and localized therapies and for in situ high-spatial-resolution validation of radiopharmaceutical uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York INSERM, UMR1101, LaTIM, Brest, France
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean A Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - C Ross Schmidtlein
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellen Yorke
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aditya P Apte
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Irene A Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy C Durack
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Joseph P Erinjeri
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Majid Maybody
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Robert H Siegelbaum
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Joseph O Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen B Solomon
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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