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Rangel MEO, Duarte AMRC, Oliveira TMP, Mucci LF, Loss AC, Loaiza JR, Laporta GZ, Sallum MAM. Zoonotic Malaria Risk in Serra Do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2465. [PMID: 37894123 PMCID: PMC10609463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the main goal is to assess natural infections of Plasmodium spp. in anophelines in a forest reserve from the same region where we previously found a surprisingly high rate (5.2%) of plasmodia infections (n = 25) in Kerteszia mosquitoes (N = 480) on the slopes of Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The mosquito collection sampling was carried out at the Legado das Águas Forest Reserve using CDC light traps and Shannon traps at night (5-10 pm) in 3-day collections in November 2021 and March, April, May, and November 2022. The captured specimens were morphologically identified at the species level and had their genomic DNA extracted in pools of up to 10 mosquitoes/pool. Each pool was tested using 18S qPCR and cytb nested PCR plus sequencing. A total of 5301 mosquitoes, mostly belonging to the genus Kerteszia (99.7%), were sampled and sorted into 773 pools. Eight pools positive for Plasmodium spp. were identified: four for Plasmodium spp., one for P. vivax or P. simium, one for P. malariae or P. brasilianum, and two for the P. falciparum-like parasite. After Sanger sequencing, two results were further confirmed: P. vivax or P. simium and P. malariae or P. brasilianum. The minimum infection rate for Kerteszia mosquitoes was 0.15% (eight positive pools/5285 Kerteszia mosquitoes). The study reveals a lower-than-expected natural infection rate (expected = 5.2% vs. observed = 0.15%). This low rate relates to the absence of Alouatta monkeys as the main simian malaria reservoir in the studied region. Their absence was due to a significant population decline following the reemergence of yellow fever virus outbreaks in the Atlantic Forest from 2016 to 2019. However, this also indicates the existence of alternative reservoirs to infect Kerteszia mosquitoes. The found zoonotic species of Plasmodium, including the P. falciparum-like parasite, may represent a simian malaria risk and thus a challenge for malaria elimination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. O. Rangel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria R. C. Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F. Mucci
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Loss
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-710, ES, Brazil;
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services of Panama (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Gabriel Z. Laporta
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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Li SL, Acosta AL, Hill SC, Brady OJ, de Almeida MAB, Cardoso JDC, Hamlet A, Mucci LF, Telles de Deus J, Iani FCM, Alexander NS, Wint GRW, Pybus OG, Kraemer MUG, Faria NR, Messina JP. Mapping environmental suitability of Haemagogus and Sabethes spp. mosquitoes to understand sylvatic transmission risk of yellow fever virus in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010019. [PMID: 34995277 PMCID: PMC8797211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever (YF) is an arboviral disease which is endemic to Brazil due to a sylvatic transmission cycle maintained by infected mosquito vectors, non-human primate (NHP) hosts, and humans. Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, recent sporadic YF epidemics have underscored concerns about sylvatic vector surveillance, as very little is known about their spatial distribution. Here, we model and map the environmental suitability of YF's main vectors in Brazil, Haemagogus spp. and Sabethes spp., and use human population and NHP data to identify locations prone to transmission and spillover risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compiled a comprehensive set of occurrence records on Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus, and Sabethes spp. from 1991-2019 using primary and secondary data sources. Linking these data with selected environmental and land-cover variables, we adopted a stacked regression ensemble modelling approach (elastic-net regularized GLM, extreme gradient boosted regression trees, and random forest) to predict the environmental suitability of these species across Brazil at a 1 km x 1 km resolution. We show that while suitability for each species varies spatially, high suitability for all species was predicted in the Southeastern region where recent outbreaks have occurred. By integrating data on NHP host reservoirs and human populations, our risk maps further highlight municipalities within the region that are prone to transmission and spillover. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our maps of sylvatic vector suitability can help elucidate potential locations of sylvatic reservoirs and be used as a tool to help mitigate risk of future YF outbreaks and assist in vector surveillance. Furthermore, at-risk regions identified from our work could help disease control and elucidate gaps in vaccination coverage and NHP host surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L. Li
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JPM)
| | - André L. Acosta
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagens e Conservação—LEPAC, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah C. Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J. Brady
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. B. de Almeida
- State Centre of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Secretariat, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jader da C. Cardoso
- State Centre of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Secretariat, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis F. Mucci
- Superintendence for Endemic Diseases Control, São Paulo State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Telles de Deus
- Superintendence for Endemic Diseases Control, São Paulo State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Neil S. Alexander
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, c/o Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G. R. William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, c/o Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias & Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane P. Messina
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JPM)
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Gomes ADC, Paula MBD, Duarte AMRDC, Lima MA, Malafronte RDS, Mucci LF, Gotlieb SLD, Natal D. Epidemiological and ecological aspects related to malaria in the area of influence of the lake at Porto Primavera dam, in western São Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 50:287-95. [PMID: 18949348 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out in the area of influence of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Station, in western São Paulo State, to investigate ecological and epidemiological aspects of malaria in the area and monitor the profile of the anopheline populations following the environmental changes brought about by the construction of the lake. Mosquitoes captured were analyzed by standardized indicator species analysis (ISA) before and during different flooding phases (253 m and 257 m elevations). The local human population was studied by means of parasitological (thin/thick blood smears), molecular (PCR) and serological tests. Serological tests consisted of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with synthetic peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from classic Plasmodium vivax, P. vivax variants (VK247 and "vivax-like"), P. malariae and P. falciparum and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) with asexual forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. The results of the entomological survey indicated that, although the Anopheles darlingi population increased after the flooding, the population density remained very low. No malaria, parasite infection or DNA was detected in the inhabitants of the study area. However, there was a low frequency of antibodies against asexual forms and a significant prevalence of antibodies against P. vivax, P. vivax variants, P. falciparum and P. malariae; the presence of these antibodies may result from recent or less recent contact with human or simian Plasmodium (a parallel study in the same area revealed the existence of a sylvatic cycle). Nevertheless, these results suggest that, as in other places where malaria is present and potential vectors circulate, the local epidemiological conditions observed could potentially support the transmission of malaria in Porto Primavera Lake if infected individuals are introduced in sufficient numbers. Further studies are required to elucidate the phenomena described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almério de C Gomes
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Camargo-Neves VLFD, Poletto DW, Rodas LAC, Pachioli ML, Cardoso RP, Scandar SAS, Sampaio SMP, Koyanagui PH, Botti MV, Mucci LF, Gomes ADC. Entomological investigation of a sylvatic yellow fever area in São Paulo State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2005; 21:1278-86. [PMID: 16021266 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following reports of two autochthonous cases of sylvatic yellow fever in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2000, entomological surveys were conducted with the objective of verifying the occurrence of vector species in forest environments close to or associated with riparian areas located in the western and northwestern regions of the State. Culicidae were captured in 39 sites distributed in four regions. Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes albopictus were the most abundant species and were captured in all the regions studied. H. leucocelaenus was the most abundant species in the municipalities of Santa Albertina and Ouroeste, where the two cases of sylvatic yellow fever had been reported. Mosquitoes from the janthinomys/capricornii group were only found at eight sites in the São José do Rio Preto region, while Sabethes chloropterus was found at one site in Ribeirão Preto. H. leucocelaenus showed its capacity to adapt to a secondary and degraded environment. Our results indicate a wide receptive area for yellow fever transmission in the State of São Paulo, with particular emphasis on the possibility of H. leucocelaenus being involved in the maintenance of this sylvatic focus of the disease.
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Gomes ADC, Bitencourt MD, Natal D, Pinto PL, Mucci LF, de Paula MB, Urbinatti PR, Barata JM. [Aedes albopictus in rural zone of Brazil and its implication in the wild yellow fever transmission]. Rev Saude Publica 1999; 33:95-7. [PMID: 10436626 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101999000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae and adult forms of Aedes albopictus were found during ecological study of anopheline mosquitos in the rural zone of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. This occurrence was registered, for the first time in Brazil, in an enzoootic area if sylvatic yellow fever virus. This implies a potential risk of the transfer of this virus to an urban area infested with Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de C Gomes
- Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
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