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Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Kindler L, Roebroeks W. Widespread evidence for elephant exploitation by Last Interglacial Neanderthals on the North European plain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309427120. [PMID: 38048457 PMCID: PMC10723128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309427120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neanderthals hunted and butchered straight-tusked elephants, the largest terrestrial mammals of the Pleistocene, in a lake landscape on the North European plain, 125,000 years ago, as recently shown by a study of the Last Interglacial elephant assemblage from Neumark-Nord (Germany). With evidence for a remarkable focus on adult males and on their extended utilization, the data from this location are thus far without parallel in the archaeological record. Given their relevance for our knowledge of the Neanderthal niche, we investigated whether the Neumark-Nord subsistence practices were more than a local phenomenon, possibly determined by local characteristics. Analyzing elephant remains from two other Last Interglacial archaeological sites on the North European plain, Gröbern and Taubach, we identified in both assemblages similar butchering patterns as at Neumark-Nord, demonstrating that extended elephant exploitation was a widespread Neanderthal practice during the (early part of the) Last Interglacial. The substantial efforts needed to process these animals, weighing up to 13 metric tons, and the large amounts of food generated suggest that Neanderthals either had ways of storing vast amounts of meat and fat and/or temporarily aggregated in larger groups than commonly acknowledged. The data do not allow us to rule out one of the two explanations, and furthermore both factors, short-term larger group sizes as well as some form of food preservation, may have played a role. What the data do show is that exploitation of large straight-tusked elephants was a widespread and recurring phenomenon amongst Last Interglacial Neanderthals on the North European plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution (LEIZA), Neuwied56567, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Mainz55116, Germany
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution (LEIZA), Neuwied56567, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Mainz55116, Germany
| | - Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2300 RALeiden, The Netherlands
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Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Kindler L, Roebroeks W. Beaver exploitation, 400,000 years ago, testifies to prey choice diversity of Middle Pleistocene hominins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19766. [PMID: 37957223 PMCID: PMC10643649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Data regarding the subsistence base of early hominins are heavily biased in favor of the animal component of their diets, in particular the remains of large mammals, which are generally much better preserved at archaeological sites than the bones of smaller animals, let alone the remains of plant food. Exploitation of smaller game is very rarely documented before the latest phases of the Pleistocene, which is often taken to imply narrow diets of archaic Homo and interpreted as a striking economic difference between Late Pleistocene and earlier hominins. We present new data that contradict this view of Middle Pleistocene Lower Palaeolithic hominins: cut mark evidence demonstrating systematic exploitation of beavers, identified in the large faunal assemblage from the c. 400,000 years old hominin site Bilzingsleben, in central Germany. In combination with a prime-age dominated mortality profile, this cut mark record shows that the rich beaver assemblage resulted from repetitive human hunting activities, with a focus on young adult individuals. The Bilzingsleben beaver exploitation evidence demonstrates a greater diversity of prey choice by Middle Pleistocene hominins than commonly acknowledged, and a much deeper history of broad-spectrum subsistence than commonly assumed, already visible in prey choices 400,000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution (LEIZA), Schloss Monrepos, 56567, Neuwied, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, 55116, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution (LEIZA), Schloss Monrepos, 56567, Neuwied, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, 55116, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Kindler L, MacDonald K, Roebroeks W. Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadd8186. [PMID: 36724231 PMCID: PMC9891704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) were the largest terrestrial mammals of the Pleistocene, present in Eurasian landscapes between 800,000 and 100,000 years ago. The occasional co-occurrence of their skeletal remains with stone tools has generated rich speculation about the nature of interactions between these elephants and Pleistocene humans: Did hominins scavenge on elephants that died a natural death or maybe even hunt some individuals? Our archaeozoological study of the largest P. antiquus assemblage known, excavated from 125,000-year-old lake deposits in Germany, shows that hunting of elephants weighing up to 13 metric tons was part of the cultural repertoire of Last Interglacial Neanderthals there, over >2000 years, many dozens of generations. The intensity and nutritional yields of these well-documented butchering activities, combined with previously reported data from this Neumark-Nord site complex, suggest that Neanderthals were less mobile and operated within social units substantially larger than commonly envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioral Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied 56567, Germany (LEIZA)
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, Mainz 55116, Germany
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioral Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied 56567, Germany (LEIZA)
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, Mainz 55116, Germany
| | - Katharine MacDonald
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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Roebroeks W, MacDonald K, Scherjon F, Bakels C, Kindler L, Nikulina A, Pop E, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. Landscape modification by Last Interglacial Neanderthals. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj5567. [PMID: 34910514 PMCID: PMC8673775 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the antiquity, nature, and scale of Pleistocene hunter-gatherer impact on their ecosystems, despite the importance for studies of conservation and human evolution. Such impact is likely to be limited, mainly because of low population densities, and challenging to detect and interpret in terms of cause-effect dynamics. We present high-resolution paleoenvironmental and archaeological data from the Last Interglacial locality of Neumark-Nord (Germany). Among the factors that shaped vegetation structure and succession in this lake landscape, we identify a distinct ecological footprint of hominin activities, including fire use. We compare these data with evidence from archaeological and baseline sites from the same region. At Neumark-Nord, notably open vegetation coincides with a virtually continuous c. 2000-year-long hominin presence, and the comparative data strongly suggest that hominins were a contributing factor. With an age of c. 125,000 years, Neumark-Nord provides an early example of a hominin role in vegetation transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katharine MacDonald
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fulco Scherjon
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Corrie Bakels
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anastasia Nikulina
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eduard Pop
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstraße 11, 55116 Mainz, Germany
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Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Noack ES, Pop E, Herbst C, Pfleging J, Buchli J, Jacob A, Enzmann F, Kindler L, Iovita R, Street M, Roebroeks W. Evidence for close-range hunting by last interglacial Neanderthals. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1087-1092. [PMID: 29942012 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal resources have been part of hominin diets since around 2.5 million years ago, with sharp-edged stone tools facilitating access to carcasses. How exactly hominins acquired animal prey and how hunting strategies varied through time and space is far from clear. The oldest possible hunting weapons known from the archaeological record are 300,000 to 400,000-year-old sharpened wooden staves. These may have been used as throwing and/or close-range thrusting spears, but actual data on how such objects were used are lacking, as unambiguous lesions caused by such weapon-like objects are unknown for most of human prehistory. Here, we report perforations observed on two fallow deer skeletons from Neumark-Nord, Germany, retrieved during excavations of 120,000-year-old lake shore deposits with abundant traces of Neanderthal presence. Detailed studies of the perforations, including micro-computed tomography imaging and ballistic experiments, demonstrate that they resulted from the close-range use of thrusting spears. Such confrontational ways of hunting require close cooperation between participants, and over time may have shaped important aspects of hominin biology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz-Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany. .,Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth S Noack
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz-Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany.,Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eduard Pop
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz-Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany.,Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jonas Buchli
- Agile and Dexterous Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arne Jacob
- Institute for Geology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frieder Enzmann
- Institute for Geology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz-Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany.,Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Radu Iovita
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Street
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz-Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany
| | - Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Welker F, Smith GM, Hutson JM, Kindler L, Garcia-Moreno A, Villaluenga A, Turner E, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. Middle Pleistocene protein sequences from the rhinoceros genus Stephanorhinus and the phylogeny of extant and extinct Middle/Late Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3033. [PMID: 28316883 PMCID: PMC5354071 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ancient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. Here, we apply these recent developments to Middle Pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genus Stephanorhinus. No biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. Furthermore, recent phylogenies based on Rhinocerotidae (partial or complete) mitochondrial DNA sequences differ in the placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Therefore, studies utilising ancient protein sequences from Middle Pleistocene contexts have the potential to provide further insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species, including Stephanorhinus and Dicerorhinus. Methods ZooMS screening (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) was performed on several Late and Middle Pleistocene specimens from the genus Stephanorhinus, subsequently followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain ancient protein sequences from a Middle Pleistocene Stephanorhinus specimen. We performed parallel analysis on a Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros specimen and extant species of rhinoceroses, resulting in the availability of protein sequence data for five extant species and two extinct genera. Phylogenetic analysis additionally included all extant Perissodactyla genera (Equus, Tapirus), and was conducted using Bayesian (MrBayes) and maximum-likelihood (RAxML) methods. Results Various ancient proteins were identified in both the Middle and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros samples. Protein degradation and proteome complexity are consistent with an endogenous origin of the identified proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of informative proteins resolved the Perissodactyla phylogeny in agreement with previous studies in regards to the placement of the families Equidae, Tapiridae, and Rhinocerotidae. Stephanorhinus is shown to be most closely related to the genera Coelodonta and Dicerorhinus. The protein sequence data further places the Sumatran rhino in a clade together with the genus Rhinoceros, opposed to forming a clade with the black and white rhinoceros species. Discussion The first biomolecular dataset available for Stephanorhinus places this genus together with the extinct genus Coelodonta and the extant genus Dicerorhinus. This is in agreement with morphological studies, although we are unable to resolve the order of divergence between these genera based on the protein sequences available. Our data supports the placement of the genus Dicerorhinus in a clade together with extant Rhinoceros species. Finally, the availability of protein sequence data for both extinct European rhinoceros genera allows future investigations into their geographic distribution and extinction chronologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frido Welker
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Geoff M Smith
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM, Neuwied, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jarod M Hutson
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM, Neuwied, Germany; Current affiliation: Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Lutz Kindler
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM, Neuwied, Germany; Department of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Moreno
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM , Neuwied , Germany
| | - Aritza Villaluenga
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM , Neuwied , Germany
| | - Elaine Turner
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM , Neuwied , Germany
| | - Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM, Neuwied, Germany; Department of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Institute of Ancient Studies, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Sier MJ, Roebroeks W, Bakels CC, Dekkers MJ, Brühl E, De Loecker D, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Hesse N, Jagich A, Kindler L, Kuijper WJ, Laurat T, Mücher HJ, Penkman KE, Richter D, van Hinsbergen DJ. Direct terrestrial-marine correlation demonstrates surprisingly late onset of the last interglacial in central Europe. Quat Res 2011; 75:213-218. [PMID: 26523075 PMCID: PMC4600610 DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An interdisciplinary study of a small sedimentary basin at Neumark Nord 2 (NN2), Germany, has yielded a high-resolution record of the palaeomagnetic Blake Event, which we are able to place at the early part of the last interglacial pollen sequence documented from the same section. We use this data to calculate the duration of this stratigraphically important event at 3400 ± 350 yr. More importantly, the Neumark Nord 2 data enables precise terrestrial-marine correlation for the Eemian stage in central Europe. This shows a remarkably large time lag of ca. 5000 yr between the MIS 5e 'peak' in the marine record and the start of the last interglacial in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Sier
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Paleomagnetic Laboratory ‘Fort Hoofddijk’, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Center for Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain
| | - Wil Roebroeks
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie C. Bakels
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Dekkers
- Paleomagnetic Laboratory ‘Fort Hoofddijk’, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Brühl
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle, Germany
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
| | - Dimitri De Loecker
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Schönborner Hof, Schillerstrasse 11, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Hesse
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Adam Jagich
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lutz Kindler
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
| | - Wim J. Kuijper
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Laurat
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle, Germany
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
| | | | - Kirsty E.H. Penkman
- “BioArCh” Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Richter
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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