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Voumvourakis KI, Fragkou PC, Kitsos DK, Foska K, Chondrogianni M, Tsiodras S. Human herpesvirus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis: an update of recent literature. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:57. [PMID: 35168545 PMCID: PMC8845292 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an update on the existing evidence regarding a relationship between infection with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to contribute on the attempt to define the nature and strength of that relationship. RESULTS Study quality was assessed using the criteria proposed by Moore and Wolfson and by the classification criteria used by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Studies were categorized both by experimental technique and by quality (high [A], intermediate [B], and low [C]) as determined by the Moore and Wolfson criteria. Overall, 27 (90%) of 30 studies, 18 (86%) of which were classified as A quality, reached a statistically significant result. According to the Canadian Task Force classification, all studies were categorized as evidence of qualityII-1. Limitations of the available experimental techniques and perspectives for future research are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The current review continues to emphasize the need for further, objective, evidence-based examination of the relationship between HHV-6 infection and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - P C Fragkou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D K Kitsos
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Foska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Chondrogianni
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Roussopoulou A, Tsivgoulis G, Krogias C, Lazaris A, Moulakakis K, Georgiadis GS, Mikulik R, Kakisis JD, Zompola C, Faissner S, Chondrogianni M, Liantinioti C, Hummel T, Safouris A, Matsota P, Voumvourakis K, Lazarides M, Geroulakos G, Vasdekis SN. Safety of urgent endarterectomy in acute non-disabling stroke patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis: an international multicenter study. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:673-679. [PMID: 30472766 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE International recommendations advocate that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) should be performed within 2 weeks from the index event in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (sCAS) patients. However, there are controversial data regarding the safety of CEA performed during the first 2 days of ictus. The aim of this international, multicenter study was to prospectively evaluate the safety of urgent (0-2 days) in comparison to early (3-14 days) CEA in patients with sCAS. METHODS Consecutive patients with non-disabling (modified Rankin Scale scores ≤2) acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack due to sCAS (≥70%) underwent urgent or early CEA at five tertiary-care stroke centers during a 6-year period. The primary outcome events included stroke, myocardial infarction or death during the 30-day follow-up period. RESULTS A total of 311 patients with sCAS underwent urgent (n = 63) or early (n = 248) CEA. The two groups did not differ in baseline characteristics with the exception of crescendo transient ischaemic attacks (21% in urgent vs. 7% in early CEA; P = 0.001). The 30-day rates of stroke did not differ (P = 0.333) between patients with urgent (7.9%; 95% confidence interval 3.1%-17.7%) and early (4.4%; 95% confidence interval 2.4%-7.9%) CEA. The mortality and myocardial infarction rates were similar between the two groups. The median length of hospitalization was shorter in urgent CEA [6 days (interquartile range 4-6) vs. 10 days (interquartile range 7-14); P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that urgent CEA performed within 2 days from the index event is related to a non-significant increase in the risk of peri-procedural stroke. The safety of urgent CEA requires further evaluation in larger datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roussopoulou
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Krogias
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Lazaris
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Moulakakis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G S Georgiadis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Mikulik
- Department of Neurology, St Anne's University Hospital in Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J D Kakisis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Zompola
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Faissner
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Chondrogianni
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Liantinioti
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T Hummel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Safouris
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Acute Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - P Matsota
- Second Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Voumvourakis
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Lazarides
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - G Geroulakos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S N Vasdekis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, 'Attikon' Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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