Role and relevance of fish cell lines in advanced in vitro research

Introduction

Cell line derived from fish has been established as a promising tool for studying many key issues of aquaculture covering fish growth, disease, reproduction, genetics, and biotechnology. In addition, fish cell lines are very useful in vitro models for toxicological, pathological, and immunological studies. The easier maintenance of fish cell lines in flexible temperature regimes and hypoxic conditions make them preferable in vitro tools over mammalian cell lines. Great excitement has been observed in establishing and characterizing new fish cell lines representing diverse fish species and tissue types. The well-characterized and authenticated cell lines are of utmost essential as these represent cellular functions very similar to in vivo state of an organism otherwise it would affect the reproducibility of scientific research.

Conclusion

The fish cell lines have exhibited encouraging results in several key aspects of in vitro research in aquaculture including virology, nutrition and metabolism, production of vaccines, and transgenic fish production. The review paper reports the cell lines developed from fish, their characterization, and biobanking along with their potential applications and challenges in in vitro research.

Development of Escherichia coli-based gene expression profiling of sewage sludge leachates

AIMS

The impact of municipal waste on pathogenic micro-organisms released into the environment is a public health concern. This study aims to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge and antibiotic contaminants on stress response, virulence and antibiotic resistance in a pathogenic Escherichia coli.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The effects of sewage sludge leachates on uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 were determined by monitoring the expression of 45 genes associated with antibiotic/metal resistance, stress response and virulence using RT-qPCR. The E. coli gene expression was validated using subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. E. coli exposed to sewage sludge or sewage sludge+fly ash leachates altered the expression of five antibiotic and metal resistance, three stress response and two virulence-associated genes. When antibiotics were combined with sludge or sludge+fly ash the antibiotic-associated gene expression was altered.

CONCLUSIONS

E. coli treated with two sludge leachates had distinct gene expression patterns that were altered when the sludge leachates were combined with tetracycline, although to a lesser extent with ciprofloxacin.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The E. coli multigene expression analysis is a potential new tool for assessing the effects of pollutants on pathogenic microbes in environmental waters for improved risk assessment.

Dynamics of microvesicle generation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implication in disease progression

Previously, we reported that B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients contained elevated levels of microvesicles (MVs). However, given the quiescent nature of CLL B-cells and the relative indolence of the disease, the dynamics of MV generation and their unique phenotypes are not clearly defined. In this study, we find that CLL B-cells generate MVs spontaneously and can be further induced by B-cell receptor-ligation. Most interestingly, CLL B-cells predominantly generate CD52⁺ MVs, but not CD19⁺ MVs in vitro, suggesting preferential usage of CD52 into leukemic-MVs and that the CLL plasma MV phenotypes corroborate well with the in vitro findings. Importantly, we detected increased accumulation of CD52⁺ MVs in previously untreated CLL patients with progressive disease. Finally, sequential studies on MVs in pre- and post-therapy CLL patients demonstrate that while the plasma CD52⁺ MV levels drop significantly after therapy in most and remain at low levels in some patients, a trend of increased accumulation of CD52⁺ MVs was detected in majority of post-therapy CLL patients (25 of 33). In total this study emphasizes that dynamic accumulation of CD52⁺ MVs in plasma can be used to study CLL progression and may be a useful biomarker for patients as they progress and require therapy.

Radial glial cell: critical functions and new perspective as a steroid synthetic cell

The radial glial cell (RGC) is a glial cell type in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. Adult teleost fish have abundant RGCs in the brain in contrast to mammals. Adult fish RGCs have many important functions, including forming a structural scaffold to guide neuronal migration and serving as the progenitor cells in the brain to generate neurons. The role of the RGC in adult neurogenesis explains the high regenerative capacity of adult fish brain. There is increasing evidence from several species that some glial cells produce or metabolize steroids. It is now well-known that teleost RGCs express aromatase and produce estrogens from androgen precursors, which may be important for local neuroendocrine functions and regulation of neurogenesis. The question of whether RGCs are capable of de novo steroid synthesis from cholesterol remains unanswered. However, the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and the key enzyme cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase in primary cultures of goldfish RGCs indicate the potential to produce 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and thus other steroid intermediates. The possibility of synthesizing additional non-estrogenic steroids may indicate new functions for the RGC.

Establishment and characterization of a piscean PCF cell line for toxicity and gene expression studies as in vitro model

A new piscean fibroblastic cell line termed as PCF derived from the caudal fin tissue of dark mahseer, Puntius (Tor) chelynoides was established and characterized in the present study which was found to be suitable for toxicity and gene expression studies as in vitro model. The cell line grew well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were able to grow at a temperature ranging from 20 to 28 °C with an optimal growth at 24 °C and the cell line have been expanded in culture for more than 70 passages. Authentication of the cell line was carried out using mitochondrial DNA markers (Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA). Presence of vimentin in the cells confirmed the fibroblastic origin of cell line. Significant cytopathic effects were observed upon exposure of PCF cell line to bacterial extracellular products and the study also validated the suitability of cell line in transgenic applications as well as in genotoxicity assessment as an in vitro model.

Genetic basis of dental agenesis--molecular genetics patterning clinical dentistry

Tooth agenesis is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) or can be associated with a syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), highlighting the heterogeneity of the condition. Though much progress has been made to identify the developmental basis of tooth formation, knowledge of the etiological basis of inherited tooth loss is still lacking. To date, the mutation spectra of non-syndromic form of familial and sporadic tooth agenesis in humans have revealed defects in various such genes that encode transcription factors, MSX1 and PAX9 or genes that code for a protein involved in canonical Wnt signaling (AXIN2), and a transmembrane receptor of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR1). The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms responsible for selective hypodontia in humans and to present a detailed overview of causative genes and syndromes associated with hypodontia.

NHS-funded IVF: consequences of NICE implementation

The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends that all subfertile women of < 40 years should be entitled to up to three IVF treatment cycles funded by the NHS. The full criteria have been implemented at The Newcastle Fertility Centre at Life since August 2009. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome in terms of analysing the cumulative pregnancy rates. A retrospective analysis of data from 812 couples who started their first NHS-funded treatment after August 2009 was undertaken until there were 100 couples who had completed the three treatments. Cumulative pregnancy rates were calculated using life table analysis, and time intervals between treatments were recorded. The number of couples having first, second and third treatment cycles was 812, 298 and 100, respectively. The cumulative clinical pregnancy rates per each fresh cycle were 30.1%, 50.2% and 60.2%, and when frozen embryo transfers were included, they were 33.5%, 53.4% and 62.7%. The median + 2SD time interval between treatments was 11 and 10 months; 90.2% of the women were likely to complete up to three NHS-funded treatment cycles until they achieved a pregnancy. The NICE criteria offer most couples a chance of pregnancy, and the majority will take up the opportunity of undergoing three treatment cycles if required. The time interval between treatments indicated that it will take < 2 years for couples to complete the full course of NHS-funded treatment.

Population structure of Tor tor inferred from mitochondrial gene cytochrome b

Tor tor, commonly called as Tor mahseer, is a high-valued food and game fish endemic to trans-Himalayan region. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene region of 967 bp was used to estimate the population structure of T. tor. Three populations of T. tor were collected from Narmada (Hosangabad), Ken (Madla), and Parbati river (Sheopur) in Madhya Pradesh, India. The sequence analysis revealed that the nucleotide diversity (π) was low, ranging from 0.000 to 0.0150. Haplotype diversity (h) ranged from 0.000 to 1.000. The analysis of molecular variance analysis indicated significant genetic divergence among the three populations of T. tor. Neighboring-joining tree also showed that all individuals from three populations clustered into three distinct clades. The data generated by cyt b marker revealed interesting insight about population structure of T. tor, which would serve as baseline data for conservation and management of mahseer fishery.

Development of an ES-like cell culture system (RESC) from rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.)

An embryonic stem (ES)-like cell culture system RESC from a commercially important freshwater carp, Labeo rohita, was developed using blastula stage embryos. The cells were cultured in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium in gelatin-coated cell culture flask supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum along with 10 ng ml(-1) basic fibroblast growth factor at 28 °C under feeder-free conditions. The ES-like cells were characterized by their unique morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, embryoid body formation tendency, expression of transcription factor Oct4, and consistent chromosome count. The RESC cells when treated with retinoic acid differentiated into cells of different lineages. The RESC developed from mid-blastula embryos of L. rohita would be a useful tool for cellular differentiation and gene expression studies.

Genetic differentiation of Ompok bimaculatus (Teleostei: Siluridae) population based on mtDNA cytochrome b gene

Ompok bimaculatus commonly called as Indian butter catfish is a commercially important food fish and distributed throughout India and Southeast Asia. Genetic differentiation of O. bimaculatus was investigated using cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of three different riverine populations. A total of 37 sequences of cyt b gene (1118 bp) were generated from O. bimaculatus. The mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that O. bimaculatus has relatively high genetic diversity. The estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.063 and 0.005, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance indicated 73.53% genetic variability between the populations and 26.47% genetic variation within population. The understanding of genetic differentiation of O. bimaculatus populations will play a key role in conservation and management of the important endangered fish species.

Genetic characterization of two hill stream fish species Barilius bendelisis (Ham.1807) and Barilius barna (Ham.1822) using RAPD markers

Genetic structure of four wild populations of two hill stream fishes Barilius bendelisis (Ham.1807) and B. barna (Ham. 1822) from Uttarakhand, India, was studied using RAPD markers. Eight selective primers provided distinct and consistent RAPD profiles in both the species, producing a total of 47 and 35 scorable bands in B. bendelisis and B. barna respectively. The bands in the range 666-4,830 bp were scored for consistent results. The RAPD profiles generated by all the eight primers revealed varying degrees of polymorphism (25.00-50.00 %). The average genetic diversity (h) was estimated as 0.1661 and 0.1606 among the four populations of B. bendelisis and B. barna respectively.

Genetic divergence and molecular phylogenetics of Puntius spp. based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

Puntius is an important genus of freshwater food and ornamental fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. A total of 60 samples from twelve species of the genus Puntius were collected from eight sampling sites of eight Indian Rivers. Twelve species of Puntius (P. chola, P. sophore, P. filamentosus, P. fasciatus, P. vittatus, P. chelynoides, P. gonionotus, P. denisonii, P. ticto, P. gelius, P. conchonius and P. sarana) were investigated using 60 partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b, 1096 bp) gene to estimate genetic divergence and to establish the phylogenetic relationship. The average intraspecies diversity was estimated as 0.002, whereas the average interspecies diversity was estimated as 0.177. The sequence analysis of the Cyt b gene revealed four distinct groups, which are genetically distinct species and exhibited identical phylogenetic relationship. The present study validated the utility of the Cyt b gene in genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies.

Development and characterization of a cell line TTCF from endangered mahseer Tor tor (Ham.)

Tor tor is an important game and food fish of India with a distribution throughout Asia from the trans-Himalayan region to the Mekong River basin to Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia. A new cell line named TTCF was developed from the caudal fin of T. tor for the first time. The cell line was optimally maintained at 28°C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The propagation of TTCF cells showed a high plating efficiency of 63.00%. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid count of 100 chromosomes at passage 15, 30, 45 and 60 passages. The viability of the TTCF cell line was found to be 72% after 6 months of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 578- and 655-bp sequences of 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) respectively. TTCF cells were successfully transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter plasmids. Further, immunocytochemistry studies confirm its fibroblastic morphology of cells. Genotoxicity assessment of H₂O₂ in TTCF cell line revealed the utility of TTCF cell line as in vitro model for aquatic toxicological studies.

Isolated tubercular splenic abscess: can we defer splenectomy? Our single experience with anti-tuberculous therapy alone

Isolated splenic tuberculosis is an exceedingly rare clinical condition. Microbiological confirmation of diagnosis in such cases is quite difficult. We encountered the case of a 35-year-old female, who presented with persistent low-grade fever and weight loss. The CT scan of the abdomen revealed multiple hypodense splenic lesions. No primary focus of infection was detected in any other organs. Fine needle aspiration of splenic lesion revealed acid-fast bacilli on Ziehl-Neelsen stain. With anti-tuberculous therapy, the lesions regressed significantly in size. We stress that splenic tuberculosis should be considered as a diagnostic possibility even in immunocompetent individuals and choose combination antituberculous therapy as the first line treatment with consideration of splenectomy depending on response.

Combining dipolar-quadrupolar correlation spectroscopy with isotropic shift resolution in magic-angle-spinning 17O NMR

We explore the effect of heteronuclear dipolar recoupling on the satellite and multiple-quantum transitions of a half-integer-spin quadrupolar nucleus coupled to a single spin-12. A three-dimensional experiment is introduced that resolves different quadrupolar sites whilst allowing simultaneous extraction of the quadrupolar coupling constants, asymmetry parameters of the electric field gradient, and the isotropic shifts of the quadrupolar nucleus. The experiment also enables estimation of the heteronuclear dipolar coupling constant between the spin-1/2 and half-integer spin quadrupolar nucleus. The relative orientation of the dipolar tensor with respect to the quadrupolar tensor can be estimated by comparing experiments and simulations. Experimental results are shown on a sample of brucite, Mg((17)OH)(2), where the (1)H-(17)O bond distance is estimated.

Repetitive sideband-selective double frequency sweeps for sensitivity enhancement of MAS NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei

A sensitivity enhancement scheme aiming at selective adiabatic inversion of a single set of satellite transition sidebands under magic angle spinning has been employed on samples of albite containing a single moderately distorted (27)Al site and zoisite containing two highly distorted octahedral (27)Al sites. Overall enhancements of ∼2.5 for albite and ∼3 for the two AlO(6) sites of zoisite are reported by applying this scheme at different spinning speeds reflecting the versatility of this enhancement scheme which achieves significant signal-to-noise enhancements for the systems with moderately high quadrupolar coupling and high quadrupolar coupling. Repeating the sensitivity enhancement scheme and signal readout several times without allowing for spin-lattice relaxation leads to sensitivity enhancements of factors of ∼4 for albite and ∼5 for zoisite which substantially increases the detectability of the quadrupolar sites. The effectiveness of this scheme at high magnetic field under very fast magic angle spinning has been demonstrated. Finally, the possibility of performing spectral editing by selective enhancement of one of the quadrupolar sites in zoisite whilst keeping the other site unaffected has been explored.

Molecular identification of three Ompok species using mitochondrial COI gene

A DNA-based barcode identification system that is applicable to all animal species will provide a simple, universal tool for the identification of fish species. The barcode system is based on sequence diversity in subunit 1 cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene. Identification and characterization of fish species based on morphological characters are sometimes found to be erroneous and environmentally affected. There are no studies on the genus Ompok in India at molecular level and species identification of the Ompok is usually carried out through morphological features. A total of 106 samples from three species Ompok pabda, O. pabo and O. bimaculatus were collected from eight sampling sites of seven Indian rivers. One hundred and six sequences were generated from COI region of three Ompok species and 21 haplotypes were observed. The sequence analysis of COI gene revealed three genetically distinct Ompok species and exhibited identical phylogenetic resolution among them. The partial COI gene sequence can be used as a diagnostic molecular marker for identification and resolution of taxonomic ambiguity of Ompok species.

Benign migratory glossitis with fissured tongue

Symptomatic benign migratory glossitis (BMG) or "geographic tongue" is a rare occurrence in pediatric dentistry though asymptomatic BMG is comparatively common. BMG presents itself as an ulcer-like region on the dorsum of the tongue, which may recur at different sites on the tongue, creating a migratory appearance. Asymptomatic cases usually resolve on their own but symptomatic cases need treatment. Fissured tongue is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves on the dorsum of the tongue and, in many cases, is associated with geographic tongue. This article presents a case of symptomatic geographic tongue with fissured tongue with a history of asthma.

Development and characterization of cell culture systems from Puntius (Tor) chelynoides (McClelland)

Puntius (Tor) chelynoides, commonly known as dark mahseer, is a commercially important coldwater fish species which inhabits fast-flowing hill-streams of India and Nepal. Cell culture systems were developed from eye, fin, heart and swim bladder tissues of P. chelynoides using explant method. The cell culture system developed from eye has been maintained towards a continuous cell line designated as PCE. The cells were grown in 25cm(2) tissue culture flasks with Leibovitz' L-15 media supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 24°C. The PCE cell line consists of predominantly fibroblast-like cells and showed high plating efficiency. The monolayer formed from the fin and heart explants were comprised of epithelial as well as fibroblast-like cells, a prominent and rhythmic heartbeat was also observed in heart explants. Monolayer formed from swim bladder explants showed the morphology of fibroblast-like cells. All the cells from different tissues are able to grow at an optimum temperature of 24°C and growth rate increased as the FBS concentration increased. The PCE cell line was characterized using amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) & 16S rRNA genes which confirmed that the cell line originated from P. chelynoides. Cytogenetic analysis of PCE cell line and cells from fin revealed a diploid count of 100 chromosomes. Upon transfection with pEGFP-C1 plasmid, bright fluorescent signals were observed, suggesting that this cell line can be used for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies. Further, genotoxicity assessment of PCE cells illustrated the utility of this cell line as an in vitro model for aquatic toxicological studies. The PCE cell line was successfully cryopreserved and revived at different passage levels. The cell line and culture systems are being maintained to develop continuous cell lines for further studies.

Latest developments in non-fluoridated remineralizing technologies

The goal of modern dentistry is to manage non-cavitated carious lesions non-invasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression, and to improve strength, esthetics, and function of teeth. The emphasis currently is being given to new technologies for enamel remineralization which suggest the changes in the understanding of dental caries. The aim of this paper is to review the contemporary non-fluoridated systems available for remineralization therapy and ideas for their implementation into clinical practice. A search of articles from "Pubmed" and "Medline" with the keywords Remineralization-demineralization, Casein derivatives, Non-fluoridated remineralizing agents was conducted. A total of 526 abstracts were collected, out of which 172 articles that discussed current technologies of non-fluoridated remineralizing agents were read and 33 most relevant articles were included in this paper. Casein phosphopeptide based technology has been established as a strong non-fluoridated remineralizing agent fulfilling all the criteria of an ideal remineralizing material.

Sensitivity enhancement in MAS NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei using sideband selective double-frequency sweeps

Sensitivity enhancement of the NMR signal of the half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions is demonstrated using the DFS (Double Frequency Sweep) enhancement scheme. It has been shown, both through numerical simulations and by experiments, that with a sinusoidal amplitude profile a narrow band DFS scheme performs much better than a DFS scheme with a large bandwidth. The total enhancement compares favorably to the hyperbolic secant (HS) pulse scheme under MAS. Finally, we report the robustness of this DFS scheme with respect to variation of different experimental parameters, making it a very attractive choice for acquiring sensitivity-enhanced NMR experiments of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei.

Development and characterization of a continuous cell line PSCF from Puntius sophore

A continuous Puntius sophore caudal-fin (PSCF) cell line of the pool barb Puntius sophore, an important freshwater food and ornamental fish of Asia and South East Asia, was developed from the caudal fin for the first time. The cell line was optimally maintained at 28° C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). The cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid count of 50 chromosomes at 25th and 50th passage and 52 chromosomes at passage 70, 85 and 100. The viability of the PSCF cell lines was 75% after 6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196° C). The most striking feature of the PSCF cells was its high increased growth ratio as evident from the population doubling time of 25 h at passage 100. The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 581 and 655 bp fragments of 16 S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, respectively. The PSCF cells were successfully transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter plasmids and the expression of GFP gene in the cells indicated the potential utility of the cells in gene expression studies.

Development and characterization of two new cell lines from common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn)

Two new cell lines (CCF and CCH) were established from fin and heart tissues of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The cells were optimally maintained in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 ng/ml of basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). The effects of temperature, concentration of FBS and bFGF on the growth of CCF and CCH cells were examined. The temperature ranged from 24 to 32°C for good growth of the cells. The growth rate of cells was higher in medium containing 10% FBS and the addition of bFGF to the medium significantly increased the growth rate. The CCF cells were found to be epithelial, while the CCH cells were fibroblastic in nature. The cytogenetic analysis of the cell lines revealed a diploid number of 100 chromosomes in C. carpio. The viability of CCF and CCH cell lines were 70 and 72%, respectively, after six months of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196° C). Molecular characterization of the cell lines using 16S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) revealed the origin of the cell lines. These new cell lines will be useful for isolation of fish viruses and other in vitro biotechnological studies.

Development and characterization of two cell lines PDF and PDH from Puntius denisonii (Day 1865)

The Puntius denisonii colloquially and more popularly referred to as Miss Kerala is a subtropical fish belonging to the genus Puntius (Barb) and family Cyprinidae. Two cell lines PDF and PDH were developed from the caudal fin and heart of P. denisonii, respectively. The cell lines were optimally maintained at 26°C in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. A diploid count of 50 chromosomes at passage 50 was observed in both the cell lines. The high growth potential of the cell lines was reflected from the cell doubling time of 28 and 30 h of PDF and PDH cell lines, respectively. The viability of the PDF and PDH cell lines was 70% and 76%, respectively, after 4 mo of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 653 bp fragments of cytochrome oxidase subunit I of mitochondrial DNA genes.

Genetic characterization of Metapenaeus affinis (H. M. Edwards, 1837) using RAPD markers

Genetic structure of four populations of Metapenaeus affinis from Maharashtra, Orissa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India was studied using RAPD markers. Five selective primers provided distinct and consistent RAPD profiles in all the four populations. The bands in the range 225-1,900 bp were scored for consistent results. The RAPD profiles generated by all the five primers revealed varying degrees of polymorphism, ranging from 25.00% (primer E-03) to 65.00% (primer E-06). Nei's (Nei M, Natl Acad Sci Proc USA 70:3321-3323, 1973) genetic diversity (h) among the four populations varied from 0.2565 ± 0.2146 (Orissa population) to 0.3576 ± 0.1897 (Maharashtra population).

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder that may be associated with or without resistant to parathyroid hormone (pseudohypoparathyroidism). It is commonly characterized by a constellation of physical features of short stature, round face, short neck, and small metacarpals and metatarsals, mild mental retardation, osteoporosis, subcutaneous calcification, and sometimes olfactory and hearing functional defect. Hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia are the most important manifestations of the case. We report a clinical case of siblings with AHO with reduced Gs-alpha activity and we discuss their clinical features with oral manifestations, radiographic findings, laboratory tests along with treatment.