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Zayed N, Munjaković H, Aktan MK, Simoens K, Bernaerts K, Boon N, Braem A, Pamuk F, Saghi M, Van Holm W, Fidler A, Gašperšič R, Teughels W. Electrolyzed Saline Targets Biofilm Periodontal Pathogens In Vitro. J Dent Res 2024; 103:243-252. [PMID: 38185942 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231216660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Preventing the development and recurrence of periodontal diseases often includes antimicrobial mouthrinses to control the growth of the periodontal pathogens. Most antimicrobials are nonselective, targeting the symbiotic oral species as well as the dysbiosis-inducing ones. This affects the overall microbial composition and metabolic activity and consequently the host-microbe interactions, which can be detrimental (associated with inflammation) or beneficial (health-associated). Consequently, guiding the antimicrobial effect for modulating the microbial composition to a health-associated one should be considered. For such an approach, this study investigated electrolyzed saline as a novel rinse. Electrolyzed saline was prepared from sterile saline using a portable electrolysis device. Multispecies oral homeostatic and dysbiotic biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs and rinsed daily with electrolyzed saline (EOS). Corresponding positive (NaOCl) and negative (phosphate-buffered saline) controls were included. After 3 rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography) through measuring organic acid content. In addition, human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were exposed to EOS to test biocompatibility (cytotoxicity and inflammation induction) and also to rinsed biofilms to assess their immunogenicity after rinsing. Rinsing the dysbiotic biofilms with EOS could reduce the counts of the pathobionts (>3 log10 Geq/mm2 reduction) and avert biofilm dysbiosis (≤1% pathobiont abundance), leading to the dominance of commensal species (≥99%), which altered both biofilm metabolism and interleukin 8 (IL-8) induction in HOKs. EOS had no harmful effects on homeostatic biofilms. The scanning electron micrographs confirmed the same. In addition, tested concentrations of EOS did not have any cytotoxic effects and did not induce IL-8 production in HOKs. EOS showed promising results for diverting dysbiosis in in vitro rinsed biofilms and controlling key periopathogens, with no toxic effects on commensal species or human cells. This novel rinsing should be considered for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - H Munjaković
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M K Aktan
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - A Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Pamuk
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Saghi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - A Fidler
- Department of Endodontic and Restorative Dentistry, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - R Gašperšič
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - W Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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