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Hornig M, Gottschalk G, Peterson DL, Knox KK, Schultz AF, Eddy ML, Che X, Lipkin WI. Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:261-9. [PMID: 25824300 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is an unexplained debilitating disorder that is frequently associated with cognitive and motor dysfunction. We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid from 32 cases, 40 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 19 normal subjects frequency-matched for age and sex using a 51-plex cytokine assay. Group-specific differences were found for the majority of analytes with an increase in cases of CCL11 (eotaxin), a chemokine involved in eosinophil recruitment. Network analysis revealed an inverse relationship between interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and colony-stimulating factor 1, colony-stimulating factor 2 and interleukin 17F, without effects on interleukin 1α or interleukin 1β, suggesting a disturbance in interleukin 1 signaling. Our results indicate a markedly disturbed immune signature in the cerebrospinal fluid of cases that is consistent with immune activation in the central nervous system, and a shift toward an allergic or T helper type-2 pattern associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Gottschalk
- Sierra Internal Medicine at Incline Village, Incline Village, NV, USA
| | - D L Peterson
- Sierra Internal Medicine at Incline Village, Incline Village, NV, USA
| | - K K Knox
- Coppe Healthcare Solutions, Waukesha, WI, USA.,Simmaron Research, Incline Village, NV, USA
| | - A F Schultz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - M L Eddy
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Che
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - W I Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Eddy ML, Jablonski PE. Purification and characterization of a membrane-associated ATPase from Natronococcus occultus, a haloalkaliphilic archaeon. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 189:211-4. [PMID: 10930740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated membranes of the extreme haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus were able to hydrolyze ATP via an ATPase, which required the presence of Mg(2+), high concentrations of NaCl, and a pH value of 9. The native molecular mass of the purified ATPase was 130 kDa and was composed of 74- and 61-kDa subunits. Enzyme activity was specific for the hydrolysis of ATP with slight activity towards GTP, CTP, and ITP. The enzyme required NaCl for maximal activity but Na(2)SO(4) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) could substitute. The enzyme showed no activity if Na(2)SO(3) or sodium citrate was substituted for NaCl. The ATPase from N. occultus was inhibited by NBD-Cl, NaN(3), and ouabain, and was sensitive to nitrate, vanadate, DCCD, and bafilomycin A(1). It was not inhibited by NEM in contrast to other previously characterized halophile ATPases. The ATPase had a K(M) of 0.5 mM and appeared to be non-competitively inhibited by NaN(3) with a K(I) of 3.1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
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