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Tardocchi M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Tinguely RA, Caruggi F, Croci G, Dal Molin A, Ghani Z, Giacomelli L, Girolami M, Grosso G, Kushoro M, Marcer G, Mastellone M, Muraro A, Nocente M, Perelli Cippo E, Petruzzo M, Putignano O, Scionti J, Serpente V, Trucchi DM, Mackie S, Saltos AA, De Marchi E, Parisi M, Trotta A, de la Luna E, Garcia J, Kazakov Y, Maslov M, Stancar Z, Gorini G. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113512. [PMID: 36461481 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tardocchi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - R A Tinguely
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Caruggi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - G Croci
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Dal Molin
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Z Ghani
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Girolami
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - G Grosso
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Kushoro
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - G Marcer
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Mastellone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - A Muraro
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - E Perelli Cippo
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Petruzzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - O Putignano
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - J Scionti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - V Serpente
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - D M Trucchi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - S Mackie
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A A Saltos
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E De Marchi
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - M Parisi
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - A Trotta
- Magnetic Fusion Energy DE - R&D/MAFE, ENI, Venezia, Italy
| | - E de la Luna
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion CIEMAT, Madrid, Spin
| | - J Garcia
- CEA, IRFM, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Y Kazakov
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP ERM/KMS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Maslov
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Z Stancar
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milano, Italy
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Bellucci A, Girolami M, Mastellone M, Orlando S, Polini R, Santagata A, Serpente V, Valentini V, Trucchi DM. Novel concepts and nanostructured materials for thermionic-based solar and thermal energy converters. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:024002. [PMID: 32957094 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abba57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and concentrated solar solid-state converters are devices with no moving parts, corresponding to long lifetimes, limited necessity of maintenance, and scalability. Among the solid-state converters, the thermionic-based devices are attracting an increasing interest in the specific growing sector of energy conversion performed at high-temperature. During the last 10 years, hybrid thermionic-based concepts, conceived to cover operating temperatures up to 2000 °C, have been intensively developed. In this review, the thermionic-thermoelectric, photon-enhanced thermionic emission, thermionic-photovoltaic energy converters are extensively discussed. The design and development processes as well as the tailoring of the properties of nanostructured materials performed by the authors are comprehensively described and compared with the advances achieved by the international scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bellucci
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - M Girolami
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - M Mastellone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Univ. of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - S Orlando
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), FemtoLab, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
| | - R Polini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - A Santagata
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), FemtoLab, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy
| | - V Serpente
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - V Valentini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - D M Trucchi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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Bellucci A, Mastellone M, Mezzi A, Kaciulis S, Polini R, Medici L, Trucchi DM. Thermoelectric Analysis of ZnSb Thin Films Prepared by ns-Pulsed Laser Deposition. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017; 17:1564-1570. [PMID: 29693353 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2017.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc antimonide (ZnSb) is a promising thermoelectric material for the temperature range 300– 600 K. ZnSb thin films were prepared by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) to evaluate the performance of nanostructured films for thermoelectric conversion by the determination of the Power Factor. A study of the influence of structural, compositional and thermoelectric properties of thin films is reported as a function of different deposition parameters, such as repetition rate, pulse energy, and substrate temperature. The evaluation of a thin film ZnSb compound with excess Sb has been performed to verify the variation of the thermoelectric properties. The obtained results are reported and discussed in the 300–600 K temperature range.
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