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Sozinov AA, Laukka S, Lyashchenko AI, Siipo A, Nopanen M, Tuominen T, Alexandrov YI. Greater learning transfer effect for avoidance of loss than for achievement of gain in Finnish and Russian schoolchildren. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04158. [PMID: 32551391 PMCID: PMC7292919 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Classification of behavior into principal categories of approach and avoidance is grounded in evolutionary considerations and multiple results of behavioral, self-report, and brain-activity analyses. Contrasted via measures of cognitive processes, avoidance is accompanied by greater cognitive engagement than approach. Considering outcome as a key constituent of behavioral underpinnings, we interpret approach/avoidance distinction in terms of structure of experience: avoidance domain provides more detailed interaction with the environment, than approach domain. Learning outwardly similar behaviors aimed at gain or loss outcomes manifests formation of different structures that underlie further learning. Therefore, we predicted difference of learning transfer between gain and loss contexts that was revealed here by introducing two tasks for different groups of schoolchildren in Finland and Russia. The cultural specificity of gain/loss differences was also evident with employed measures, including error rate and post-error slowing. The results support that avoidance-motivated behavior is organized as a more complex organism-environment interaction, than the approach-motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sozinov
- V.B. Shvyrkov Lab. Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Psychology, State Academic University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Laukka
- Learning Research Lab., Department of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A I Lyashchenko
- Faculty of Psychology, State Academic University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia.,D.V. Ryabinkin's School #1392, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Siipo
- Learning Research Lab., Department of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Nopanen
- Learning Research Lab., Department of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Tuominen
- Learning Research Lab., Department of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Yu I Alexandrov
- V.B. Shvyrkov Lab. Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
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