Green jobs, definitional issues, and the employment of young people: An analysis of three European Union countries

This article considers intertwined issues relating to the green economy, protected areas, green jobs, and the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS). The article discusses the most common approaches towards greening economies, all these being based on the concept of sustainable development, and presents an analysis of how green jobs can be used to address the issue of unemployment among young people in Poland, the Czech Republic and Belgium. Data were compared for selected groups in the European Classification of Economic Activities (NACE). It is observed that in both Poland and Belgium around 15% of young people find their first employment in the green jobs sector, but in the Czech Republic, the proportion is far lower (1.83%). It is concluded that an increasing emphasis on building the green economy provides excellent employment opportunities for young people seeking their first job.

The anxiolytic activity of n-3 PUFAs enriched egg yolk phospholipids in rat behavioral studies

Phospholipids play an important role in the biochemical and physiological processes of cells. An association between disturbed phospholipids metabolism in neuronal tissue and anxiety it was shown. The aim of this study was to examine the anxiolytic properties of phospholipids obtained from a new generation of eggs enriched in n-3 PUFA and its effect on locomotor activity in rat behavioral studies N-3 PUFA-enriched egg yolk phospholipids ("super lecithin") were added to the standard feed. Rats were fed by chow without (control group) or with (experimental group) addition of phospholipids. After six weeks of supplementation, the effect of phospholipids on locomotor activity in the open field test and anxiolytic properties in elevated plus maze and Vogel conflict test were examined. In the open field test the total distance traveled in the experimental group was similar to the control group. In the elevated plus maze test a six weeks phospholipids' administration significantly prolonged the time spent on the open arms by rats from experimental group compared to control group. The number of entries into the open arms was also increased but the difference was not statistically significant. The number of punished drinking water in the Vogel conflict test increased significantly in experimental versus control group. The obtained results suggest that the phospholipids isolated from n-3 PUFA enriched egg yolk have a specific anxiolytic effect, without general sedative influence.

Hierarchically structured ZSM-5 obtained by optimized mesotemplate-free method as active catalyst for methanol to DME conversion

In the presented studies, a new method for the synthesis of hierarchical porous materials with ZSM-5 zeolite properties was applied.

Fenofibrate subcellular distribution as a rationale for the intracranial delivery through biodegradable carrier

Fenofibrate, a well-known normolipidemic drug, has been shown to exert strong anticancer effects against tumors of neuroectodermal origin including glioblastoma. Although some pharmacokinetic studies were performed in the past, data are still needed about the detailed subcellular and tissue distribution of fenofibrate (FF) and its active metabolite, fenofibric acid (FA), especially in respect to the treatment of intracranial tumors. We used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to elucidate the intracellular, tissue and body fluid distribution of FF and FA after oral administration of the drug to mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma. Following the treatment, FF was quickly cleaved to FA by blood esterases and FA was detected in the blood, urine, liver, kidney, spleen and lungs. We have also detected small amounts of FA in the brains of two out of six mice, but not in the brain tumor tissue. The lack of FF and FA in the intracranial tumors prompted us to develop a new method for intracranial delivery of FF. We have prepared and tested in vitro biodegradable poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer wafers containing FF, which could ultimately be inserted into the brain cavity following resection of the brain tumor. HPLC-based analysis demonstrated a slow and constant diffusion of FF from the wafer, and the released FF abolished clonogenic growth of glioblastoma cells. On the intracellular level, FF and FA were both present in the cytosolic fraction. Surprisingly, we also detected FF, but not FA in the cell membrane fraction. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to spin-labeled phospholipid model-membranes revealed broadening of lipid phase transitions and decrease of membrane polarity induced by fenofibrate. Our results indicate that the membrane-bound FF could contribute to its exceptional anticancer potential in comparison to other lipid-lowering drugs, and advocate for intracranial delivery of FF in the combined pharmacotherapy against glioblastoma.

Degradability in vitro of polyurethanes based on synthetic atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate]

The aim of the present study was to determine the degradability of aliphatic polyurethanes, based on a different amount of synthetic, atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB), in hydrolytic (phosphate buffer) and oxidative (H2O2/CoCl2) solutions. The soft segments were built with atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] and polycaprolactone or polyoxytetramethylenediols, whereas hard segments were the reaction product of 4,4'-methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol.The selected properties - density and morphology of polymer surfaces - which could influence the sensitivity of polymers to degradation processes - were analyzed.The analysis of molecular mass (GPC), thermal properties (DSC) and the sample weight changes were undertaken to estimate the degree of degradability of polymer samples after incubation in environments studied.Investigated polyurethanes were amorphous with the very low amount of crystalline phases of hard segments.The polyurethane synthesized with a poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] and polyoxytetramethylenediol at a molar ratio of NCO:OH=3.7:1 (prepolymer step) appeared as the most sensitive for both degradative solutions. Its weight and molecular mass losses were the highest in comparison to other investigated polyurethanes.It could be expected that playing with the amount of poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] in polyurethane synthesis the rate of polyurethane degradation after immersion in living body would be modeled.

Effects of supplementation with fish oil and n-3 PUFAs enriched egg yolk phospholipids on anhedonic-like response and body weight in the rat chronic mild stress model of depression

Polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the human organism. They guarantee a normal function of nervous cells, influence neurotransmission, and build some elements of cellular membranes. Several reports indicate an association between a deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of diet supplemented with fish oil, which is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and n-3 PUFAs enriched phospholipids ("super lecithin") obtained from designed eggs on anhedonic-like response and body weight in the rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. The results showed that neither fish oil nor n-3 PUFAs enriched egg yolk phospholipids supplementation reversed disturbances caused by CMS, such as anhedonic-like state or reduction of body weight gain.

Altered energy status of primary cerebellar granule neuronal cultures from rats exposed to lead in the pre- and neonatal period

This paper examines the effect of pre- and neonatal exposure of rats to lead (0.1% lead acetate in drinking water, resulting in rat offspring whole blood lead concentration (Pb-B) 4μg/dL) on the energy status of neuronal mitochondria by measuring changes in ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, TAN concentration, adenylate energy charge value (AEC) and mitochondrial membrane potential in primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGC) in dissociated cultures. Fluorescence studies were performed to imaging and evaluate mitochondria mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity in intact CGC was measured spectrophotometrically. Our data shows that pre- and neonatal exposure of rats to Pb, even below the threshold of whole blood Pb value considered safe for people, affects the energy status of cultured primary cerebellar granule neurons through a decrease in ATP and TAN concentrations and AEC value, inhibition of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and increase in intracellular and mitochondrial ROS concentration. These observations suggest that even these low levels of Pb are likely to induce important alterations in neuronal function that could play a role in neurodegeneration.

The influence of ACEA--a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist on whole blood and platelet-poor plasma serotonin concentrations

Through the CB1 receptor cannabinoids modulate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release in the central nervous system which is connected with some of their pharmacological effects, especially antidepressant activity. 5-HT has many important physiological functions also in the periphery, particularly in the circulatory system and digestive tract. 5-HT dysfunction may be involved in some diseases pathogenesis including hypertension, migraine, cardiac disorders, cerebral ischemia or peripheral vascular diseases. Cannabinoids possible influence on 5-HT release in peripheral tissues may be clinically significant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of ACEA (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist on whole blood (WB) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) 5-HT levels. The experiments were carried out on male and female Wistar rats. ACEA (3 mg/kg i.p.) was given alone and in combination with a selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 (3 mg/kg i.p.). Concentrations of 5-HT in WB and PPP were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Serotonin ELISA). ACEA significantly decreased concentration of 5-HT in WB (to 61%, p < 0.02) and its effect was blocked by AM 251. ACEA also reduced of 5-HT in PPP (to 62%) however, the difference was statistically insignificant. Research results reveal that due to CB1 receptor stimulation, ACEA reduces 5-HT contents in bloodstream. This effect is probably the result of inhibition of 5-HT release from gastrointestinal tract.

Involvement of nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect of ACEA, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, on aspirin-induced gastric ulceration

The involvement of nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect of ACEA (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, on aspirin-induced gastric ulceration was studied in rats. ACEA (3 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced gastric ulcer formation. The gastroprotection of ACEA was attenuated by pretreatment with L-NAME (25 and 50 mg/kg i.p.), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The combination of L-arginine (300 mg/kg i.v.), a precursor of nitric oxide with L-NAME (50 mg/kg i.p.) reversed the protective activity of ACEA (3 mg/kg i.p.). These results suggest that endogenous nitric oxide may be involved in the protective effect of ACEA.

Synthesis and anxiolytic activity of 1-phenyl-2-(4-aryl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b][1 ,4]diazepin-2-ylidene)-ethanone

A two-step, general synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-(4-aryl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-2-ylidene)-ethanones 3-9 is presented. This synthesis employs a condensation of 2,3-diaminopyridine with benzoylacetone followed by a basic-activated cyclization reaction with substituted benzaldehydes for final closure of the seven-membered ring. Molecular diversity is fixed by appropriate aldehydes: 2-chloro-, 4-chloro-, 2-bromo-, 4-bromo-, 4-fluoro-, 4-trifluoro- and 3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Compounds 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 were examined for their anxiolytic activity. The most active was the compound with the chlorophenyl substituent i.e. 1-phenyl-2-{4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-2-ylidene}-ethanone (4).

ACEA (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide), the selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, protects against aspirin-induced gastric ulceration

The effect of a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, ACEA (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide) in an aspirin-induced ulcer model was studied in rats. ACEA (1.25-5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced gastric ulcer formation to 24, 21 and 0.6% respectively. These results confirm the cytoprotective effect of CB1 receptor agonists and suggest that the endocannabinoid system might be the target for a novel class of anti-ulcer drugs.

[Comparison of the early response to natural and synthetic surfactant in premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome]

OBJECTIVES

To compare the early response to natural and synthetic surfactant in premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

METHODS

This is a prospective study of 21 newborns with respiratory distress syndrome treated with natural or synthetic surfactant. The response rapidity after administration of natural or synthetic surfactant was compared by parameters of mechanical ventilation (FiO2, Pmax, IO) in the first 6 hours and during the following 7 days of life. The frequency of respiratory complications, presence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and its treatment and causes of death were evaluated.

RESULTS

Definitely quicker decrease in ventilation parameters was observed after the administration of natural surfactant as compared to the synthetic one. Statistically significant differences were observed during 72 hours and then they decreased.

CONCLUSION

The response after the administration of natural surfactants in premature babies with RDS within the first six hours of treatment was significantly quicker than after synthetic surfactant. This improves the parameters of mechanical ventilation much quicker and prevents complications. Longitudinal studies of the development of children treated with both kinds of surfactant are necessary in order to evaluate the effects of the treatment in the neonatal period.

[Changes in the clinical picture of bronchopulmonary dysplasia]

The mortality of very preterm infants has significantly improved after introducing into clinical practice the antenatal use of glucocorticoid steroids prior to premature births and postnatal treatment with pulmonary surfactant which effectively decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse. The period of necessary mechanical ventilation was shortened. Reducing the concentration of inspired oxygen and inflation pressures became possible. In spite of this, long-term damage of lung tissue in immature infants is still a major clinical problem. However, its origin seems to be slightly different. A new form of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been recently evaluated. The most important factors in the pathogenesis of the "new" BPD are: lung tissue immaturity, infections initiating a cascade of events caused by formation of free oxygen radicals and cytokines and the presence of persistent patent ductus arteriosus. Primary prevention of BPD is possible by reducing the rates of prematurity and intrauterine infections. Secondary prevention includes antenatal steroids administration and postnatal surfactant treatment according to the accepted known standards. When protracted mechanical ventilation is necessary, low and subsequently reduced doses of i.v. glucocorticoid steroids in the second and third week of life are administrated, together with diuretics, bronchodilators and suitably high calorie feeding.

The secretion of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1-beta in women with periodontal diseases and preterm low-birth-weight

Prematurity is of one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Clinical observations show, that periodontitis in pregnant women can be a direct risk factor for preterm labor, with a greater influence rate compared to other risk factors. The aim of the study was to asses the relationship between periodontal diseases and PLBW in the population of women from the Lower Silesian Region (Poland), and the evaluation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) levels in gingival cervicular (GCF) and blood serum in women with PLBW and women giving birth on time as well as secretion of these proinflammatory mediators in whole blood after bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The study group consisted of 84 women with PLBW (39.2% primiparous), aged 17-41 (mean 27.57). The controls were 44 women (47.7% primiparous) aged 16-38 (mean 26.36) who gave birth on time to a normal birthweight baby. PGE2 and IL-1 beta concentrations in serum and GCF were determined by means of immunoenzymatic method (EIA). In the studied population women over 28 years and exposed to medical risk factors had more frequent PLBW occurrence probability. In primiparous over 28 there is 4 times greater probability of preterm labor, and in case of the severe and generalized periodontitis presence there is 3.9 times higher possibility of PLBW compared to women with healthy periodontium. In all women with PLBW there is a significantly higher PGE2 and IL-1 beta concentration in GCF, and in primiparous also PGE2 level in blood serum, compared to controls.

Anorectic activity of 2H-4,6-dimethyl-2-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1- yl)methyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine

The effect of 2H-4,5-dimethyl-2-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3- oxo-2,3-dihydroisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine on feeding in rats was investigated. The tested compound decreased food intake in food-deprived rats and in rats receiving palatable-diet.

Synthesis of new derivatives of 4-methyl-5-ethoxalyl-1H-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and their psychotropic and anti-proliferative activities

5-Ethoxalyl-4-methyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin -2-one [I] was treated with some selected secondary amines (dimethyl-, diethyl-, dipropyl-, disobutylamine or with morpholine) and methyl-hydrazine. Amides II-IV and hydrazide VII were obtained. Compounds II, IV and VI were tested for their psychotropic activity; they showed a weak toxicity. Compounds II and VI showed an anxiolytic activity. Compounds I, II, IV, VI and VII were screened for their cytotoxic (anti-proliferative) activity in vitro by using different human cancer cell lines. None of them revealed any inhibiting effect against the tumor lines used.

Synthesis and anorectic activity of 2H-4,6-dimethyl-2-[(4- phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin e

The synthesis of 2H-4,6-dimethyl-2-[(4- phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisothiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridine. (3) and its biological properties are described. Compound 3 pharmacologically evaluated in vivo by use of behavioral tests showed to have a profile of activity characteristic of stimulation of the central serotoninergic system, mostly 5-HT52A receptors (anorectic action: 2 mg/kg i.p., 8.5 mg/kg po) However, receptor activity of isothiazolopyridine 3 was not confirmed in vitro using 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptor binding technique. Molecular modeling studies demonstrated that it is difficult to predict bioactive conformation of title molecule 3.

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new derivatives of 4-methyl-5-oxalo-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and beta-oxo-5-(4-methyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2 -one)propionic acid

5-Ethoxalyl 4-methyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro 1,5-benzodiazepin-2 -one [I] and 5-ethoxymalonyl-4-methyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepi n-2-one [IV] were subjected to transesterification using alcohols (propanol, butanol, pentanol) giving derivatives II-IV, VII, VIII. The derivatives I and VI were caused to undergo ammonolysis giving 4-methyl-5-oxamoyl-1H-2,3,4,5 tetrahydro 1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one [V] and 5-malonamoyl-4-methyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin++ +-2-one [IX]. The compounds I-IX were tested towards their psychotropic activity. The preparates I, III and V had an anxiolytic action in the four-plate test. The anxiolytic properties of the compound V were confirmed in the test of the black-white box. The antagonism of all investigated compounds for toward reserpine, first of all of the preparations III, IV, V and IX, indicates an antidepressive activity dependent on a stimulation of the adrenergic system.

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 2,4-disubstituted 5-amino-6-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid derivatives. Part III

2,4-Disubstituted 5-amino-6-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid derivatives 5-13 were synthesized and evaluated for their pharmacological activity. Compounds 5, 7, 9, 10 and 12 showed antiaggressive effect, compounds 6 and 10 showed synergism with hexobarbital while compound 6 exerted analgesic activity.

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of derivatives of isoxazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine. III

Synthesis of new isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives is reported. Some of isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives were tested for anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antiserotonine activity. Compounds 14 and 16 proved active against hypothermia induced by reserpine and hyperthermia induced by m-CPP.

Synthesis and properties of 4-substituted-1-piperazinyl-propyl derivatives of 1-phenyl-7-methylpyrimido-[4,5-d]pyrimidin-4-one

In reactions of 1-phenyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimido[ 4,5-d]pyrimidin e (1) with 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-methyl(phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-pyrimidynyl, 2-thiazolyl)piperazines (5), mixtures of isomeric N- and S-substituted derivatives of compound 1 (3 and 4) were obtained. Isomers were separated by fractional crystallization. The structure of novel compounds 3 and 4 was confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses. In pharmacological screening compounds 3b and 4b displayed rather strong analgesic action, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity and abolished apomorphine stereotypy. Compounds 3e,3d and 4e attenuated m-chlorophenylpiperazine-induced hypothermia.

Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigation of the central action of derivatives of 3-aminomethyl-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-one and 2-aminomethyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid

Using 3-cyano-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-one 4, 3-aminomethyl derivatives of 5-(p-chlorophenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-one were synthesized. The starting material under alkaline hydrolysis yielded 5-(p-chlorophenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-one-3-carboxylic acid 5, which was transformed, via an acid chloride, into amide 6. From acid 5 by aminomethylation compounds 7-12 were obtained. Some of them (7, 8, 12) in reactions of ammono-, amino-, and hydrazinolysis yielded corresponding derivatives of 2-aminomethyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid 13-20. In pharmacological tests compounds 10 displayed analgesic activity while compounds 2 and 3 revealed anxiolytic properties.

Acyl derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepines. III. Acyl derivatives of ethyl ester of 4-methyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepine-2-carboxylic acid

Two series of derivatives of ethyl ester of 4-methyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepine-2-carboxylic acid (1) have been synthesized. The acetyl derivative (2) of ester 1 in preliminary pharmacological screening showed analgesic activity in the "writhing" test and the benzoyl derivative (5) exhibited antianxiety properties in the four plate test, while N,N-disubstituted aminoacetyl derivatives of 1 showed analgesic and anticonvulsant activity (10).

Cimetidine-diazepam interaction in the four-plate test

The study on the synergism of cimetidine with the central anti-anxiety action of diazepam in the four-plate test revealed that cimetidine evidently potentiates the anti-anxiety action of diazepam.

Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological studies on dihydropyrido-1,3,4-triazepinone derivatives

New 4,5-dihydropyrido-[2,3-e]-1,3,4-triazepin-5-one derivatives (2-9) were synthesized. The preliminary pharmacological tests revealed antinociceptive action of compounds 4-7 and 9 and antianxiety action of compound 4.