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Dashti P, Thaler R, Hawse JR, Galvan ML, van der Eerden BJ, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. G-protein coupled receptor 5C (GPRC5C) is required for osteoblast differentiation and responds to EZH2 inhibition and multiple osteogenic signals. Bone 2023; 176:116866. [PMID: 37558192 PMCID: PMC10962865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is epigenetically suppressed by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and induced by the morphogen BMP2 and transcription factor RUNX2. These factors also regulate distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPRCs; e.g., PTH1R, GPR30/GPER1). Because GPRCs transduce many physiological stimuli, we examined whether BMP2 or EZH2 inhibition (i.e., GSK126) regulates other GPRC genes in osteoblasts. RNA-seq screening of >400 mouse GPRC-related genes showed that many GPRCs are downregulated during osteogenic differentiation. The orphan receptor GPRC5C, along with a small subset of other GPRCs, is induced by BMP2 or GSK126 during Vitamin C dependent osteoblast differentiation, but not by all-trans retinoic acid. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that GSK126 reduces H3K27me3 levels at the GPRC5C gene locus in differentiating MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, consistent with enhanced GPRC5C mRNA expression. Loss of function analyses revealed that shRNA-mediated depletion of GPRC5C decreases expression of bone markers (e.g., BGLAP and IBSP) and mineral deposition in response to BMP2 or GSK126. GPRC5C mRNA was found to be reduced in the osteopenic bones of KLF10 null mice which have compromised BMP2 signaling. GPRC5C mRNA is induced by the bone-anabolic activity of 17β-estradiol in trabecular but not cortical bone following ovariectomy. Collectively, these findings suggest that GPRC5C protein is a key node in a pro-osteogenic axis that is normally suppressed by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 marks and induced during osteoblast differentiation by GSK126, BMP2, and/or 17β-estradiol. Because GPRC5C protein is an understudied orphan receptor required for osteoblast differentiation, identification of ligands that induce GPRC5C signaling may support therapeutic strategies to mitigate bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bram J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Dudakovic A, Bayram B, Bettencourt JW, Limberg AK, Galvan ML, Carrasco ME, Stans B, Thaler R, Morrey ME, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Berry DJ, van Wijnen AJ, Abdel MP. The epigenetic regulator BRD4 is required for myofibroblast differentiation of knee fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:320-334. [PMID: 36648754 PMCID: PMC9990907 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Arthrofibrosis, which is characterized by excessive scar tissue and limited motion, can complicate the daily functioning of patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Molecular hallmarks of arthrofibrosis include pathologic accumulation of myofibroblasts and disproportionate collagen deposition. Epigenetic mechanisms, including posttranslation modification of histones, control gene expression and may regulate fibrotic events. This study assessed the role of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins on myofibroblast differentiation. This group of epigenetic regulators recognize acetylated lysines and are targeted by a class of drugs known as BET inhibitors. RNA-seq analysis revealed robust mRNA expression of three BET members (BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4) while the fourth member (BRDT) is not expressed in primary TKA knee outgrowth fibroblasts. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses revealed that BET inhibition with the small molecule JQ1 impairs TGFβ1-induced expression of ACTA2, a key myofibroblast marker, in primary outgrowth knee fibroblasts. Similarly, JQ1 administration also reduced COL3A1 mRNA levels and collagen deposition as monitored by picrosirius red staining. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of JQ1 on ACTA2 mRNA and protein expression, as well as COL3A1 expression and collagen deposition, were paralleled by siRNA-mediated depletion of BRD4. Together, these data reveal that BRD4-mediated epigenetic events support TGFβ1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and collagen deposition as seen in arthrofibrosis. To our knowledge, these are the first studies that assess epigenetic regulators and their downstream events in the context of arthrofibrosis. Future studies may reveal clinical utility for drugs that target epigenetic pathways, specifically BET proteins, in the prevention and treatment of arthrofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Banu Bayram
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Afton K. Limberg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M. Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Britta Stans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark E. Morrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Berry
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew P. Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Paradise CR, Galvan ML, Pichurin O, Jerez S, Kubrova E, Dehghani SS, Carrasco ME, Thaler R, Larson AN, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. Brd4 is required for chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral ossification. Bone 2022; 154:116234. [PMID: 34700039 PMCID: PMC9014208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of multi-potent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is directed by the activities of lineage-specific transcription factors and co-factors. A subset of these proteins controls the accessibility of chromatin by recruiting histone acetyl transferases or deacetylases that regulate acetylation of the N-termini of H3 and H4 histone proteins. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins recognize these acetylation marks and recruit the RNA pol II containing transcriptional machinery. Our previous studies have shown that Brd4 is required for osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of Brd4 on endochondral ossification in C57BL/6 mice and chondrogenic differentiation in cell culture models. Conditional loss of Brd4 in the mesenchyme (Brd4 cKO, Brd4fl/fl: Prrx1-Cre) yields smaller mice that exhibit alteration in endochondral ossification. Importantly, abnormal growth plate morphology and delayed long bone formation is observed in juvenile Brd4 cKO mice. One week old Brd4 cKO mice have reduced proliferative and hypertrophic zones within the physis and exhibit a delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center. At the cellular level, Brd4 function is required for chondrogenic differentiation and maturation of both ATDC5 cells and immature mouse articular chondrocytes. Mechanistically, Brd4 loss suppresses Sox9 levels and reduces expression of Sox9 and Runx2 responsive endochondral genes (e.g., Col2a1, Acan, Mmp13 and Sp7/Osx). Collectively, our results indicate that Brd4 is a key epigenetic regulator required for normal chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Paradise CR, De La Vega RE, Galvan ML, Carrasco ME, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. Brd4 Inactivation Increases Adenoviral Delivery of BMP2 for Paracrine Stimulation of Osteogenic Differentiation as a Gene Therapeutic Concept to Enhance Bone Healing. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10520. [PMID: 34693189 PMCID: PMC8520065 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain (BRD) proteins are histone code interpreters that recognize acetylated lysines and link the dynamic state of chromatin with the transcriptional machinery. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of the Brd4 gene in primary mouse bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells via a conditional Brd4fl/fl allele suppresses osteogenic lineage commitment. Remarkably, loss of Brd4 function also enhances expression of genes in engineered adenoviral vectors, including Cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Similarly, vector‐based expression of BMP2 mRNA and protein levels are enhanced upon Brd4 depletion in cells transduced with an adenoviral vector that expresses BMP2 (Ad‐BMP2). Importantly, Brd4 depletion in MC3T3‐E1 and human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) transduced with Ad‐BMP2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of naïve MC3T3‐E1 cells via paracrine mechanisms based on transwell and conditioned medium studies. Our studies indicate that Brd4 depletion enhances adenoviral transgene expression in mammalian cells, which can be leveraged as a therapeutic strategy to improve viral vector‐based gene therapies. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Rodolfo E De La Vega
- Musculosketal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department cBITE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands.,Department IBE, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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5
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Galvan ML, Paradise CR, Kubrova E, Jerez S, Khani F, Thaler R, Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ. Multiple pharmacological inhibitors targeting the epigenetic suppressor enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) accelerate osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2021; 150:115993. [PMID: 33940225 PMCID: PMC8217219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development and bone formation are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that either repress or enhance osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and osteoblasts. The transcriptional suppressive trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) hinders differentiation of pre-committed osteoblasts. Osteoblast maturation can be stimulated by genetic loss of the H3K27 methyltransferase Ezh2 which can also be mimicked pharmacologically using the classical Ezh2 inhibitor GSK126. Identification of other Ezh2 inhibitors (iEzh2) that enhance osteogenic potential would increase chemical options for developing new bone stimulatory compounds. In this study, we examined a panel of iEzh2s and show that all eight inhibitors we tested are capable of accelerating osteoblast differentiation to different degrees at concentrations that are well below cytotoxic concentrations. Inhibition of Ezh2 is commensurate with loss of cellular H3K27me3 levels while forced expression of Ezh2 reverses the effect of Ezh2 suppression. Reduced Ezh2 function by siRNA depletion of Ezh2 mRNA and protein levels also stimulates osteoblastogenesis, consistent with the specificity of iEzh2 to target the active site of Ezh2. Diminished Ezh2 levels preempt the effects of iEzh2s on H3K27me3. GSK126, EPZ-6438 and siRNA depletion of Ezh2 each are effective in reducing H3K27me3 levels. However, EPZ-6438 is more potent than GSK126 in stimulating osteoblastogenesis, as reflected by increased extracellular matrix mineralization. Collectively, our data indicate that Ezh2 inhibitors properly target Ezh2 consistent with their biochemical affinities. The range of compounds capable of promoting osteogenesis presented in this study offers the opportunity to develop diverse bone anabolic strategies for distinct clinical scenarios, including spine fusion, non-union of bone and dental implant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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Dudakovic A, Samsonraj R, Paradise C, Galeano-Garces C, Mol M, Galeano-Garces D, Zan P, Galvan ML, Hevesi M, Pichurin O, Thaler R, Begun D, Kloen P, Karperien M, Larson AN, Westendorf J, Cool S, van Wijnen A. Epigenetic priming of BMP-mediated osteogenesis and bone repair. Bone Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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7
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Paradise C, Galvan ML, Jerez S, Kubrova E, Thaler R, van Wijnen A, Dudakovic A. The epigenetic reader Brd4 is required for skeletal development. Bone Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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8
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Dudakovic A, Samsonraj RM, Paradise CR, Galeano-Garces C, Mol MO, Galeano-Garces D, Zan P, Galvan ML, Hevesi M, Pichurin O, Thaler R, Begun DL, Kloen P, Karperien M, Larson AN, Westendorf JJ, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. Inhibition of the epigenetic suppressor EZH2 primes osteogenic differentiation mediated by BMP2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7877-7893. [PMID: 32332097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-stimulatory therapeutics include bone morphogenetic proteins (e.g. BMP2), parathyroid hormone, and antibody-based suppression of WNT antagonists. Inhibition of the epigenetic enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is both bone anabolic and osteoprotective. EZH2 inhibition stimulates key components of bone-stimulatory signaling pathways, including the BMP2 signaling cascade. Because of high costs and adverse effects associated with BMP2 use, here we investigated whether BMP2 dosing can be reduced by co-treatment with EZH2 inhibitors. Co-administration of BMP2 with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 enhanced differentiation of murine (MC3T3) osteoblasts, reflected by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin Red staining, and expression of bone-related marker genes (e.g. Bglap and Phospho1). Strikingly, co-treatment with BMP2 (10 ng/ml) and GSK126 (5 μm) was synergistic and was as effective as 50 ng/ml BMP2 at inducing MC3T3 osteoblastogenesis. Similarly, the BMP2-GSK126 co-treatment stimulated osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, reflected by induction of key osteogenic markers (e.g. Osterix/SP7 and IBSP). A combination of BMP2 (300 ng local) and GSK126 (5 μg local and 5 days of 50 mg/kg systemic) yielded more consistent bone healing than single treatments with either compound in a mouse calvarial critical-sized defect model according to results from μCT, histomorphometry, and surgical grading of qualitative X-rays. We conclude that EZH2 inhibition facilitates BMP2-mediated induction of osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells and maturation of committed osteoblasts. We propose that epigenetic priming, coupled with bone anabolic agents, enhances osteogenesis and could be leveraged in therapeutic strategies to improve bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Christopher R Paradise
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Merel O Mol
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pengfei Zan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mario Hevesi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Oksana Pichurin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dana L Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Paradise CR, Galvan ML, Kubrova E, Bowden S, Liu E, Carstens MF, Thaler R, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. The epigenetic reader Brd4 is required for osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5293-5304. [PMID: 31868237 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription networks and epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs control lineage commitment of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells. Proteins that read, write, and erase histone tail modifications curate and interpret the highly intricate histone code. Epigenetic reader proteins that recognize and bind histone marks provide a crucial link between histone modifications and their downstream biological effects. Here, we investigate the role of bromodomain-containing (BRD) proteins, which recognize acetylated histones, during osteogenic differentiation. Using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we screened for BRD proteins (n = 40) that are robustly expressed in MC3T3 osteoblasts. We focused functional follow-up studies on Brd2 and Brd4 which are highly expressed in MC3T3 preosteoblasts and represent "bromodomain and extra terminal domain" (BET) proteins that are sensitive to pharmacological agents (BET inhibitors). We show that small interfering RNA depletion of Brd4 has stronger inhibitory effects on osteoblast differentiation than Brd2 loss as measured by osteoblast-related gene expression, extracellular matrix deposition, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Similar effects on osteoblast differentiation are seen with the BET inhibitor +JQ1, and this effect is reversible upon its removal indicating that this small molecule has no lasting effects on the differentiation capacity of MC3T3 cells. Mechanistically, we find that Brd4 binds at known Runx2 binding sites in promoters of bone-related genes. Collectively, these findings suggest that Brd4 is recruited to osteoblast-specific genes and may cooperate with bone-related transcription factors to promote osteoblast lineage commitment and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Paradise
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sierra Bowden
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esther Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mason F Carstens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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10
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Kubrova E, Qu W, Galvan ML, Paradise CR, Yang J, Dietz AB, Dudakovic A, Smith J, van Wijnen AJ. Hypothermia and nutrient deprivation alter viability of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Gene 2019; 722:144058. [PMID: 31494240 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive biological agents in regenerative medicine. To optimize cell therapies, it is necessary to determine the most effective delivery method for MSCs. Therefore, we evaluated the biological properties of MSCs after exposure to various temperatures to define optimal storage conditions prior to therapeutic delivery of MSCs. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS AND MATERIALS Adherent and non-adherent MSCs were incubated at multiple temperatures (i.e., 4, 23 and 37 °C) in Lactated Ringers (LR) solution lacking essential cell growth ingredients, or in culture media which is optimized for cell growth. Cells were assessed either after the temperature changes (4 h) or after recovery (24 h). Metabolic activity of MSCs, cell number and expression of representative mRNA biomarkers were evaluated to assess the biological effects of temperature. We monitored changes in mRNAs expression related to cytoprotective- or stress-related responses (e.g., FOS, JUN, ATF1, ATF4, EGR1, EGR2, MYC), proliferation (e.g., HIST2H4, CCNB2), and extracellular matrix production (ECM; e.g., COL3A1, COL1A1) by quantitative real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that storing MSCs in Lactated Ringers (LR) solution for 4 h decreases cell number and metabolic activity. The number of viable MSCs decreased significantly when cultured at physiological temperature (37 °C) and severe hypothermia (4 °C), while cells grown at ambient temperature (23 °C) exhibited the least detrimental effects. There were no appreciable biological differences in mRNA markers for proliferation or ECM deposition at any of the temperatures. However, biomarkers related to cytoprotective- or stress-responses were selectively elevated depending on temperature or media type (i.e., LR versus standard media). CONCLUSION The biological impact of nutrient-free media and temperature changes after 4 h exposure persists after a 24 h recovery period. Hence, storage temperature and media conditions should be optimized to improve effective dosing of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kubrova
- Department of Physical Medicine &Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Wenchun Qu
- Department of Physical Medicine &Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine &Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine &Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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