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Muhammad A, Calandranis ME, Li B, Yang T, Blackwell DJ, Harvey ML, Smith JE, Chew AE, Capra JA, Matreyek KA, Fowler DM, Roden DM, Glazer AM. High-throughput functional mapping of variants in an arrhythmia gene, KCNE1, reveals novel biology. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.28.538612. [PMID: 37162834 PMCID: PMC10168370 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background KCNE1 encodes a 129-residue cardiac potassium channel (IKs) subunit. KCNE1 variants are associated with long QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation. However, most variants have insufficient evidence of clinical consequences and thus limited clinical utility. Results Here, we demonstrate the power of variant effect mapping, which couples saturation mutagenesis with high-throughput sequencing, to ascertain the function of thousands of protein coding KCNE1 variants. We comprehensively assayed KCNE1 variant cell surface expression (2,554/2,709 possible single amino acid variants) and function (2,539 variants). We identified 470 loss-of-surface expression and 588 loss-of-function variants. Out of the 588 loss-of-function variants, only 155 had low cell surface expression. The latter half of the protein is dispensable for protein trafficking but essential for channel function. 22 of the 30 KCNE1 residues (73%) highly intolerant of variation were in predicted close contact with binding partners KCNQ1 or calmodulin. Our data were highly concordant with gold standard electrophysiological data (ρ = -0.65), population and patient cohorts (32/38 concordant variants), and computational metrics (ρ = -0.55). Our data provide moderate-strength evidence for the ACMG/AMP functional criteria for benign and pathogenic variants. Conclusions Comprehensive variant effect maps of KCNE1 can both provide insight into IKs channel biology and help reclassify variants of uncertain significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Muhammad
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maria E. Calandranis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bian Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daniel J. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - M. Lorena Harvey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeremy E. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ashli E. Chew
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John A. Capra
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Matreyek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Douglas M. Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dan M. Roden
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew M. Glazer
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Gasz NE, Geary MJ, Doggett SL, Harvey ML. Bacterial association observations in Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina organs through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1091-1106. [PMID: 33415370 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and related species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedmann) are important agricultural pests, assist in forensic fields and also have a therapeutic role in medicine. Both species (though predominantly L. sericata) are utilised in a clinical setting for maggot debridement therapy (MDT) where the larvae ingest necrotic tissue and bacteria from non-healing wounds. Conversely, larvae of L. cuprina feed invasively, as major initiators of sheep myiasis in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK, among other regions. Both species exhibit larval and adult interactions with bacterially rich environments, but the significance of this in the composition of their microbiome has yet to be considered. This study utilised dissected samples of digestive and reproductive organs from both disinfected and non-disinfected adults and larvae of both species for bacterial DNA extraction, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequencing data indicated unsurprisingly that digestive tracts of both genders and female salivary glands from all non-disinfected samples carry the most concentrated amounts of bacteria. Genera Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium were also highly represented within all organs and species analysed. Comparison of bait lures to sample sequence read output of insect specimens showed no correlation with genera such as Pseudomonas present in insects, while absent from wild bait, and in reduced amounts from fleece bait profiles. With this information, future work can focus on key organs such as the spermathecae and salivary glands, while also providing the potential to identify the role these bacteria may play in the blowfly life cycle. KEY POINTS: Genera Pseudomonas appears consistently in the microbiome of Lucilia species. Female spermathecae and salivary glands show the highest microbial diversity. Bacterial profiles of L. sericata and L. cuprina have similar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gasz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - M J Geary
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - S L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - M L Harvey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Gasz NE, Harvey ML. A new method for the production of sterile colonies of Lucilia sericata. Med Vet Entomol 2017; 31:299-305. [PMID: 28402593 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) refers to the use of blowfly larvae to clean or debride an infected wound. Most commonly, larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are used, and are sterilized prior to use to ensure no further bacterial infections are introduced during treatment. Current methods sterilize eggs from laboratory-reared blowfly colonies, after which sterile early second instar maggots can be provided to hospitals for use in treatment. Maggots not required for treatment are used for colony regeneration, in which sterility is not maintained. The ability to maintain sterility beyond this would allow further research into fly-bacteria interactions and the effects of different bacteria on the blowfly lifecycle. This study aimed to produce a colony of sterile adults, using current egg sterilization practice, but maintaining sterility through to pupation and emergence. The production of a sterile colony allows further research into the impact of bacteria on fly development and survival. Eggs were placed on a sterile food source within autoclaved plant tissue culture containers to allow growth under sterile conditions. Nutrient agar plating of sterilized and non-sterilized eggs, larvae and adults (post-emergence), as well as the pupation medium and feed source in nutrient broth confirmed the aerobic sterility of all samples involved. The lifecycle of L. sericata was successfully completed through pupation to emergence with no effects on lifespan or oviposition by the newly emerged, sterile adult colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gasz
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - M L Harvey
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Harvey ML, Mansell MW, Villet MH, Dadour IR. Molecular identification of some forensically important blowflies of southern Africa and Australia. Med Vet Entomol 2003; 17:363-369. [PMID: 14651649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2003.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One major aspect of research in forensic entomology is the investigation of molecular techniques for the accurate identification of insects. Studies to date have addressed the corpse fauna of many geographical regions, but generally neglected the southern African calliphorid species. In this study, forensically significant calliphorids from South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana and Zimbabwe and Australia were sequenced over an 1167 base pair region of the COI gene. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to examine the ability of the region to resolve species identities and taxonomic relationships between species. Analyses by neighbour-joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods all showed the potential of this region to provide the necessary species-level identifications for application to post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation; however, higher level taxonomic relationships did vary according to method of analysis. Intraspecific variation was also considered in relation to determining suitable maximum levels of variation to be expected during analysis. Individuals of some species in the study represented populations from both South Africa and the east coast of Australia, yet maximum intraspecific variation over this gene region was calculated at 0.8%, with minimum interspecific variation at 3%, indicating distinct ranges of variation to be expected at intra- and interspecific levels. This region therefore appears to provide southern African forensic entomologists with a new technique for providing accurate identification for application to estimation of PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Harvey
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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L Harvey M, Henriksson A, W Dunn N. Development of the LAFTI range of probiotic cultures. Microbiol Aust 2003. [DOI: 10.1071/ma03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are mono or mixed cultures of live microorganisms which, when applied to man or animal, beneficially affect the host by improving the properties of the indigenous microflora. Some of the beneficial effects that a probiotic culture can have on its host include improved digestion and absorption of various nutrients (e.g. lactose, starch), production of vitamins and growth factors, protection against pathogens, stimulation of the immune response, reduction of cholesterol levels and reduction of diarrhoea.
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Harvey ML, Illidge T, Johnson P. Antibodies in the treatment of lymphoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 13:251-61. [PMID: 11554621 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2001.9264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Harvey
- Cancer Research Campaign, University Medical Oncology, Southampton University Hospitals, UK
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Harvey ML, Geldart TR, Duell R, Mead GM, Tung K. Routine computerised tomographic scans of the thorax in surveillance of stage I testicular non-seminomatous germ-cell cancer--a necessary risk? Ann Oncol 2002; 13:237-42. [PMID: 11886000 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard management approach to stage I testicular non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours (NSGCT) in the UK is a surveillance programme with adjuvant bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy being offered to individuals with high risk disease. Conventionally, computed tomography (CT) scanning of the thorax has formed part of the surveillance programme. This paper evaluates the contribution of routine thoracic CT imaging in the management of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the case notes of 168 patients with stage I NSGCT referred to the Wessex Medical Oncology Unit over a period of 13 years (1986-1998). These patients entered onto a surveillance programme that included serial chest X-ray follow up rather than thoracic CT. RESULTS Forty-two out of 168 patients (25%) evaluated suffered relapse during the follow up period. Eight of 42 patients (19%) relapsed with intrathoracic disease. Seven out of eight of these patients (87.5%) had at least one other indicator of disease recurrence (elevated serum marker, abnormal abdominal CT). One of 42 patients (2.4%) relapsed with isolated intrathoracic disease with no other indicator of relapse. All patients with intrathoracic relapse had evidence of disease on chest X-ray. Of the 42 relapsing patients, 93% could be categorised as having good prognosis metastatic disease. Seven per cent relapsed with intermediate or poor prognostic disease; relapse in these patients would not have been detected earlier with the inclusion of routine thoracic CT. Only one patient has died giving a cure rate of 98% for relapsing patients. CONCLUSIONS The elimination of chest CT did not compromise outcome but significantly reduced radiation exposure thereby minimising the risk of radiation-induced secondary malignancy. Continued review of surveillance programmes is essential if we are to optimise management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Harvey
- Department of Radiology, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Crittenden RG, Morris LF, Harvey ML, Tran LT, Mitchell HL, Playne MJ. Selection of a Bifidobacterium strain to complement resistant starch in a synbiotic yoghurt. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:268-78. [PMID: 11168730 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To employ an in vitro screening regime to select a probiotic Bifidobacterium strain to complement resistant starch (Hi-maizetrade mark) in a synbiotic yoghurt. METHODS AND RESULTS Of 40 Bifidobacterium isolates examined, only B. lactis Laftitrade mark B94 possessed all of the required characteristics. This isolate hydrolysed Hi-maizetrade mark, survived well in conditions simulating passage through the gastrointestinal tract and possessed technological properties suitable for yoghurt manufacture. It grew well at temperatures up to 45 degrees C, and grew to a high cell yield in an industrial growth medium. In addition to resistant starch, the organism was able to utilize a range of prebiotics including inulin, and fructo-, galacto-, soybean- and xylo-oligosaccharides. Pulse field gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme cut chromosomal DNA revealed that B. lactis Laftitrade mark B94 was very closely related to the B. lactis Type Strain (DSM 10140), and to the commercial strains B. lactis Bb-12 and B. lactis DS 920. However, B. lactis Laftitrade mark B94 was the only one of these isolates that could hydrolyse Hi-maizetrade mark. This phenotypic difference did not appear to be due to the presence of plasmid encoded amylase. Bifidobacterium lactis Laftitrade mark B94 survived without substantial loss of viability in synbiotic yoghurt containing Hi-maizetrade mark during storage at 4 degrees C for six weeks. CONCLUSION Bifidobacterium lactis Laftitrade mark B94 is a promising new yoghurt culture that warrants further investigation to assess its probiotic potential. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In vitro screening procedures can be used to integrate complementary probiotic and prebiotic ingredients for new synbiotic functional food products.
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Abstract
A 16-kb plasmid (pND859) was identified from Lactococcus lactis biovar. diacetylactis UK12922 which encodes phage resistance to the small isometric phage 712 when tested in L. lactis LM0230. The gene encoding phage abortive infection, designated abi-859, was localized on a 1.2-kb region which consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 846 bp preceded by a potential ribosome-binding site and a putative promoter region. A helix-turn-helix region typical of DNA-binding motifs was identified near the N-terminal of the abi-859 product, suggesting a possible interaction with the phage DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Duan K, Harvey ML, Liu CQ, Dunn NW. Identification and characterization of a mobilizing plasmid, pND300, in Lactococcus lactis M189 and its encoded nisin resistance determinant. J Appl Bacteriol 1996; 81:493-500. [PMID: 8939027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A 60 kb conjugative plasmid, pND300, which encodes nisin resistance, was identified in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (L. lactis) M189. pND300 was found to mobilize the transfer of some other plasmids as indicated by the mobilization of plasmids encoding lactose utilization. The nisin resistance determinant from pND300 was initially subcloned on a 12 kb DNA fragment and subsequently reduced to 10.4 kb. Restriction analysis, PCR, Southern hybridization and sequencing illustrated that the nisin resistance of pND300 is very similar to that encoded by the transposon involved in nisin production. pND300 encodes nisR as well as nisK and the recently reported nisF, nisE and nisG, but does not encode nisI. The DNA fragment encoding the nis genes is flanked by IS946 with a copy at each end in reverse orientation. The expression of these nis genes is probably controlled by a putative promoter upstream of nisR, which is composed of the TTGCAA hexanucleotide on the insertion sequence IS946 and the TATAAT sequence 21 bp downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Duan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
An 8.8-kb plasmid (pND302) was identified in Lactococcus lacti spp lactis M71 which encodes cadmium resistance (CdR). Most of the commercial lactococcal strains tested were sensitive to cadmium. Therefore, CdR should provide a useful selectable marker for constructing cloning vectors in lactococci. pND302 was mapped with a number of restriction enzymes and found to contain a unique EcoRI site suitable for cloning. Two E. coli/L lactis shuttle cloning vectors, pND304 and pND624, were constructed by subcloning of the E. coli plasmids pBR322 and pGEM-7Zf(+) containing a 1.6-kb gene encoding nisin resistance (NisR) of lactococcal origin into the EcoRI site of pND302, separately. The E. coli DNA component of pND624 was removed and the resulting plasmid, pND625, consisted of only lactococcal DNA, expressing NisR and CdR, with two synthetic polylinkers that contain multiple restriction sites for versatile cloning. Both pND302 and pND625 can be transformed by electroporation into L. lactis LMO230 at 10(3)/micrograms DNA and maintained stably in LMO230. The results indicated that pND302 and pND625 are potential food-grade cloning vectors for lactococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Wang T, Okano Y, Eisensmith RC, Harvey ML, Lo WH, Huang SZ, Zeng YT, Yuan LF, Furuyama JI, Oura T. Founder effect of a prevalent phenylketonuria mutation in the Oriental population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2146-50. [PMID: 2006152 PMCID: PMC51186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation has been identified in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase [PAH; phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.1] gene in a Chinese patient with classic phenylketonuria (PKU). A G-to-C transition at the second base of codon 413 in exon 12 of the gene results in the substitution of Pro413 for Arg413 in the mutant protein. This mutation (R413P) results in negligible enzymatic activity when expressed in heterologous mammalian cells and is compatible with a classic PKU phenotype in the patient. Population genetic studies reveal that this mutation is tightly linked to restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotype 4, which is the predominant haplotype of the PAH locus in the Oriental population. It accounts for 13.8% of northern Chinese and 27% of Japanese PKU alleles, but it is rare in southern Chinese (2.2%) and is absent in the Caucasian population. The data demonstrate unambiguously that the mutation occurred after racial divergence of Orientals and Caucasians and suggest that the allele has spread throughout the Orient by a founder effect. Previous protein polymorphism studies in eastern Asia have led to the hypothesis that "northern Mongoloids" represented a founding population in Asia. Our results are compatible with this hypothesis in that the PKU mutation might have occurred in northern Mongoloids and subsequently spread to the Chinese and Japanese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Abstract
Data are presented regarding the psychiatric patients seen in the Casualty-Emergency Service of the Winnipeg General Hospital during a fifteen-day period, and this group is compared with the general casualty intake, and to a lesser extent with the population of the area served. The psychiatric patients had a higher proportion of: 1) admissions to hospital 2) females 3) persons aged 40 - 49 4) persons divorced or legally separated 5) newcomers to the Province 6) visits between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. In the psychiatric group there was a preponderance of women among those diagnosed as neurotic and of men among those diagnosed as alcoholic. These findings are discussed and compared with those in the literature.
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