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Stang FL, Bjerregaard R, Müller CE, Ergon Å, Halling M, Thorringer NW, Kidane A, Jensen RB. The effect of harvest time of forage on carbohydrate digestion in horses quantified by in vitro and mobile bag techniques. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6964640. [PMID: 36576899 PMCID: PMC9904184 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates in forages constitute an important part of the feed ration for all horses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of harvest time on carbohydrate composition and digestion of various grass species. The experiment was divided into three parts 1) characterization of the chemical composition of experimental feeds (6 grass species: meadow fescue [MF], cocksfoot [CF], perennial ryegrass [PR], smooth bromegrass [SB], tall fescue [TF], and timothy [TI], and 3 harvest times: early, medium, and late first cut), 2) measurements of the in vitro digestion of selected experimental feeds (the 6 grass species, and 2 harvest times [early and late]) measured by in vitro gas production, and 3) in vivo digestion of selected experimental feeds (2 grass species: CF and PR, 2 harvest times [early and late]) measured by the mobile bag technique using caecum cannulated horses. An experimental field was established with plots containing each of the grass species in three replicate blocks. Grass samples were cut between 1200 and 1400 h at 4th of June (early first cut), 17th of June (medium first cut), and 1st of July (late first cut) and analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber with heat stable amylase and free of residual ash (aNDFom) and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). The in vitro fermentation was investigated using the ANKOM RF gas production technique, where feeds were incubated for 48 h using horse caecal fluid as an inoculum. Gas production was modeled, and maximum gas production (MGP) was used to evaluate the potential digestibility of the feeds. Based on the chemical analyses and the in vitro experiment, early and late harvested CF and PR were selected for the in vivo experiment, which was conducted as a randomized 4 × 4 Latin square design including four periods, four horses and four feeds. In general, the CP content decreased whereas the aNDFom content increased as the grasses matured. The content of WSC increased in SB and TI, but decreased in CF, and fructans increased in SB, TI, PR, and TF as they matured. The in vitro MGP showed a clearer difference between harvest times than between grass species. Harvest time had larger effect on digestibility than grass species, and a high precaecal disappearance of the WSC fraction was measured by the mobile bag technique. Cocksfoot was identified as a grass species with potentially low digestibility and low WSC content and could potentially be used more for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Elisabeth Müller
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åshild Ergon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Halling
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nana Wentzel Thorringer
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Kidane
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway
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Morel J, Kumar U, Ahmed M, Bergkvist G, Lana M, Halling M, Parsons D. Quantification of the Impact of Temperature, CO2, and Rainfall Changes on Swedish Annual Crops Production Using the APSIM Model. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.665025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is already affecting crop production patterns worldwide. Our aim was to investigate how increasing temperature and CO2 as well as changes in precipitation could affect potential yields for different historical pedoclimatic conditions at high latitudes (i.e., >55°). The APSIM crop model was used to simulate the productivity of four annual crops (barley, forage maize, oats, and spring wheat) over five sites in Sweden ranging between 55 and 64°N. A first set of simulations was run using site-specific daily weather data acquired between 1980 and 2005. A second set of simulations was then run using incremental changes in precipitation, temperature and CO2 levels, corresponding to a range of potential future climate scenarios. All simulation sets were compared in terms of production and risk of failure. Projected future trends showed that barley and oats will reach a maximum increase in yield with a 1°C increase in temperature compared to the 1980–2005 baseline. The optimum temperature for spring wheat was similar, except at the northernmost site (63.8°N), where the highest yield was obtained with a 4°C increase in temperature. Forage maize showed best performances for temperature increases of 2–3°C in all locations, except for the northernmost site, where the highest simulated yield was reached with a 5°C increase. Changes in temperatures and CO2 were the main factors explaining the changes in productivity, with ~89% of variance explained, whereas changes in precipitation explained ~11%. At the northernmost site, forage maize, oats and spring wheat showed decreasing risk of crop failure with increasing temperatures. The results of this modeling exercise suggest that the cultivation of annual crops in Sweden should, to some degree, benefit from the expected increase of temperature in the coming decades, provided that little to no water stress affects their growth and development. These results might be relevant to agriculture studies in regions of similar latitudes, especially the Nordic countries, and support the general assumption that climate change should have a positive impact on crop production at high latitudes.
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Balakin V, Alexandrov VA, Mikhailichenko A, Flöttmann K, Peters F, Voss G, Bharadwaj V, Halling M, Holt JA, Buon J, Jeanjean J, LeDiberder F, Lepeltier V, Puzo P, Heimlinger G, Settles R, Stierlin U, Hayano H, Ishihara N, Nakayama H, Oide K, Shintake T, Takeuchi Y, Yamamoto N, Bulos F, Burke D, Field R, Hartman S, Helm R, Irwin J, Iverson R, Rokni S, Roy G, Spence W, Tenenbaum P, Wagner SR, Walz D, Williams S. Focusing of submicron beams for TeV-scale e+e- linear colliders. Phys Rev Lett 1995; 74:2479-2482. [PMID: 10057938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Chen A, Goldberg M, Horwitz N, Jawahery A, Moneti GC, Trahern CG, Csorna SE, Garren L, Mestayer MD, Panvini RS, Yi X, Alam MS, Avery P, Bebek C, Berkelman K, Cassel DG, Copie T, DeSalvo R, DeWire JW, Ehrlich R, Ferguson T, Galik R, Gilchriese MG, Gittelman B, Halling M, Hartill DL, Holzner S, Ito M, Kandaswamy J, Kreinick DL, Kubota Y, Mistry NB, Nordberg E, Ogg M, Peterson D, Perticone D, Read K, Silverman A, Stein PC, Stone S, Kezun X, Sadoff AJ, Giles RT, Hassard J, Hempstead M, Kinoshita K, MacKay WW, Pipkin FM, Wilson R, Haas P, Jensen T, Kagan H, Kass R, Behrends S, Gentile T, Guida JM, Guida JA, Morrow F, Parkhurst G, Poling R, Rosenfeld C, Thorndike EH, Tipton P. Observation of the decay B-bar 0-->D. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1985; 31:2386-2389. [PMID: 9955979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.31.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Behrends S, Chadwick K, Gentile T, Guida JM, Guida JA, Melissinos AC, Olsen SL, Parkhurst G, Poling R, Rosenfeld C, Thorndike EH, Tipton P, Besson D, Green J, Namjoshi R, Sannes F, Skubic P, Snyder A, Stone R, Chen A, Goldberg M, Horwitz N, Jawahery A, Lipari P, Moneti GC, Trahern CG, Csorna SE, Garren L, Mestayer MD, Panvini RS, Yi X, Alam MS, Avery P, Bebek C, Berkelman K, Cassel DG, DeWire JW, Ehrlich R, Ferguson T, Galik R, Gilchriese MG, Gittelman B, Halling M, Hartill DL, Holzner S, Ito M, Kandaswamy J, Kreinick DL, Kubota Y, Mistry NB, Morrow F, Nordberg E, Ogg M, Peterson D, Read K, Silverman A, Stein PC, Stone S, Kezun X, Sadoff AJ, Giles RT, Hassard J, Hempstead M. Inclusive hadron production in upsilon decays and in nonresonant electron-positron annihilation at 10.49 GeV. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1985; 31:2161-2191. [PMID: 9955949 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.31.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Csorna SE, Garren L, Mestayer MD, Panvini RS, Yi X, Alam MS, Avery P, Bebek C, Berkelman K, Cassel DG, Copie T, DeSalvo R, DeWire JW, Ehrlich R, Ferguson T, Galik R, Gilchriese MG, Gittelman B, Halling M, Hartill DL, Holzner S, Ito M, Kadaswamy J, Kreinick DL, Kubota Y, Mistry NB, Nordberg E, Ogg M, Peterson D, Perticone D, Read K, Silverman A, Stein PC, Stone S, Kezun X, Sadoff AJ, Giles RT, Hassard J, Hempstead M, Kinoshita K, McKay WW, Pipkin FM, Wilson R, Haas P, Jensen T, Kagan H, Kass R, Behrends S, Gentile T, Guida JM, Guida JA, Morrow F, Parkhurst G, Poling R, Rosenfeld C, Thorndike EH, Tipton P, Besson D, Green J, Namjoshi R, Sannes F, Skubic P, Stone R, Chen A. Inclusive decay of B mesons into charged D. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 54:1894-1897. [PMID: 10031169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.54.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Besson D, Green J, Namjoshi R, Sannes F, Skubic P, Snyder A, Stone R, Chen A, Goldberg M, Horwitz N, Jawahery A, Lipari P, Moneti GC, Trahern CG, Csorna SE, Garren L, Mestayer MD, Panvini RS, Yi X, Alam MS, Avery P, Bebek C, Berkelman K, Cassel DG, Copie T, DeSalvo R, DeWire JW, Ehrlich R, Ferguson T, Galik R, Gilchriese MG, Gittelman B, Halling M, Hartill DL, Holzner S, Ito M, Kandaswamy J, Kreinick DL, Kubota Y, Mistry NB, Morrow F, Nordberg E, Ogg M, Peterson D, Perticone D, Read K, Silverman A, Stein PC, Stone S, Kezun X, Sadoff AJ, Giles R, Hassard J, Hempstead M, Kinoshita K, MacKay WW, Pipkin FM, Wilson R, Haas P, Jensen T, Kagan H, Kass R, Behrends S. Observation of new structure in the e+e- cross section above the Upsilon (4S). Phys Rev Lett 1985; 54:381-384. [PMID: 10031500 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.54.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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