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Accogli A, Zaki MS, Al-Owain M, Otaif MY, Jackson A, Argilli E, Chandler KE, De Goede CGEL, Cora T, Alvi JR, Eslahi A, Asl Mohajeri MS, Ashtiani S, Au PYB, Scocchia A, Alakurtti K, Pagnamenta AT, Toosi MB, Karimiani EG, Mojarrad M, Arab F, Duymuş F, Scantlebury MH, Yeşil G, Rosenfeld JA, Türkyılmaz A, Sağer SG, Sultan T, Ashrafzadeh F, Zahra T, Rahman F, Maqbool S, Abdel-Hamid MS, Issa MY, Efthymiou S, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Salpietro V, Al-Hassnan Z, Banka S, Sherr EH, Gleeson JG, Striano P, Houlden H, Severino M, Maroofian R. Lunapark deficiency leads to an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental phenotype with a degenerative course, epilepsy and distinct brain anomalies. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad222. [PMID: 37794925 PMCID: PMC10546953 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LNPK encodes a conserved membrane protein that stabilizes the junctions of the tubular endoplasmic reticulum network playing crucial roles in diverse biological functions. Recently, homozygous variants in LNPK were shown to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder (OMIM#618090) in four patients displaying developmental delay, epilepsy and nonspecific brain malformations including corpus callosum hypoplasia and variable impairment of cerebellum. We sought to delineate the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of LNPK-related disorder. Exome or genome sequencing was carried out in 11 families. Thorough clinical and neuroradiological evaluation was performed for all the affected individuals, including review of previously reported patients. We identified 12 distinct homozygous loss-of-function variants in 16 individuals presenting with moderate to profound developmental delay, cognitive impairment, regression, refractory epilepsy and a recognizable neuroimaging pattern consisting of corpus callosum hypoplasia and signal alterations of the forceps minor ('ear-of-the-lynx' sign), variably associated with substantia nigra signal alterations, mild brain atrophy, short midbrain and cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy. In summary, we define the core phenotype of LNPK-related disorder and expand the list of neurological disorders presenting with the 'ear-of-the-lynx' sign suggesting a possible common underlying mechanism related to endoplasmic reticulum-phagy dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Y Otaif
- Department of Pediatric, Neurology Section, Abha Maternity and Childern Hospital, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Jackson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kate E Chandler
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Christian G E L De Goede
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Clinical Research Facility, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Tülün Cora
- Department of Medical Genetics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya 42100, Turkey
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9137-86177, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sadat Asl Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
| | - Setareh Ashtiani
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - P Y Billie Au
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 913791-6847, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91375-33116, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad 91869-51591, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9137-86177, Iran
- Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad 91877-53831, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Arab
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | - Fahrettin Duymuş
- Department of Medical Genetics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya 42100, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Konya City Hospital, Konya 42020, Turkey
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary; Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Owerko Center, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Jill Anne Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Ayberk Türkyılmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Safiye Güneş Sağer
- Clinics of Pediatric Neurology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, İstanbul 34890, Turkey
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 913791-6847, Iran
| | - Tatheer Zahra
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Zuhair Al-Hassnan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Elliot H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego 92123, USA
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto ‘Giannina Gaslini’, Genoa 16147, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Jafarzadeh Esfehani R, Eslahi A, Beiraghi Toosi M, Sadr-Nabavi A, Kerachian MA, Asl Mohajeri MS, Farjami M, Alizade F, Mojarrad M. PLA2G6 gene mutation and infantile neuroaxonal degeneration; report of three cases from Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24:1190-1195. [PMID: 35083005 PMCID: PMC8751752 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.55082.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infantile neuroaxonal degeneration (INAD) is a rare subgroup of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. This progressive disorder may develop during the early years of life. Affected individuals mostly manifest developmental delay and/or psychomotor regression as well as other neurological deficits. In the present study, we discussed 3 INAD patients diagnosed before the age of 10 by using Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES). MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 3 pediatric patients with clinical phenotypes of INAD who underwent WES. Sanger sequencing was performed for co-segregation analysis of the variants in the families. An in-silico study was conducted for identification of the molecular function of the identified genetic variants in the PLA2G6 gene. RESULTS We detected three novel genetic variants in the PLA2G6 gene including a homozygous missense (NM_003560.2; c.1949T>C; p.Phe650Ser), a splicing (NM_001349864; c.1266-1G>A) and a frameshift variant (NM_003560.4; c.1547_1548dupCG; p.Gly517ArgfsTer29). Since the variants were not previously reported in literature or population databases, we performed in-silico studies for these variants and demonstrated their potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION The current study reports novel genetic variants in the PLA2G6 gene in the Iranian population, emphasizing the importance of high-throughput genetic testing in rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Majid Mojarrad, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +989158154330;
| | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Majid Mojarrad, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +989158154330;
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | - Ariane Sadr-Nabavi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sadat Asl Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Farjami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Alizade
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mohajeri MSA, Eslahi A, Khazaii Z, Moradi MR, Pazhoomand R, Farrokhi S, Feizabadi MH, Alizadeh F, Mojarrad M. TMEM263: a novel candidate gene implicated in human autosomal recessive severe lethal skeletal dysplasia. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:42. [PMID: 34238371 PMCID: PMC8268343 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal dysplasia is a common, clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder in the human population. An increasing number of different genes are being identified causing this disorder. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) for detection of skeletal dysplasia causing mutation in a fetus affected to severe lethal skeletal dysplasia. PATIENT Fetus was assessed by ultrasonography in second trimester of pregnancy. He suffers from severe rhizomelic dysplasia and also pathologic shortening of ribs. WES was applied to finding of causal mutation. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict mutation impact. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in the TMEM263 gene in a fetus with severe lethal skeletal dysplasia. Mutations of this gene have been previously identified in dwarf chickens, but this is the first report of involvement of this gene in human skeletal dysplasia. This gene plays a key role in the growth hormone signaling pathway. CONCLUSION TMEM263 can be considered as a new gene responsible for skeletal dysplasia. Given the complications observed in the affected fetus, the mutation of this gene appears to produce much more intense complications than that found in chickens and is likely to play a more important role in bone development in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sadat Asl Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Moradi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Pazhoomand
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Genetic Department, Shiraz Fertility Center, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shima Farrokhi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Heidari Feizabadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
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Van De Weghe JC, Giordano JL, Mathijssen IB, Mojarrad M, Lugtenberg D, Miller CV, Dempsey JC, Mohajeri MSA, van Leeuwen E, Pajkrt E, Klaver CC, Houlden H, Eslahi A, Waters AM, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Aggarwal VS, de Vries BB, Maroofian R, Doherty D. TMEM218 dysfunction causes ciliopathies, including Joubert and Meckel syndromes. HGG Adv 2021; 2:100016. [PMID: 33791682 PMCID: PMC8009330 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2020.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Joubert-Meckel syndrome spectrum is a continuum of recessive ciliopathy conditions caused by primary cilium dysfunction. The primary cilium is a microtubule-based, antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most human cell types, allowing them to respond to extracellular signals. The cilium is partitioned from the cell body by the transition zone, a known hotspot for ciliopathy-related proteins. Despite years of Joubert syndrome (JBTS) gene discovery, the genetic cause cannot be identified in up to 30% of individuals with JBTS, depending on the cohort, sequencing method, and criteria for pathogenic variants. Using exome and targeted sequencing of 655 families with JBTS, we identified three individuals from two families harboring biallelic, rare, predicted-deleterious missense TMEM218 variants. Via MatchMaker Exchange, we identified biallelic TMEM218 variants in four additional families with ciliopathy phenotypes. Of note, four of the six families carry missense variants affecting the same highly conserved amino acid position 115. Clinical features included the molar tooth sign (N = 2), occipital encephalocele (N = 5, all fetuses), retinal dystrophy (N = 4, all living individuals), polycystic kidneys (N = 2), and polydactyly (N = 2), without liver involvement. Combined with existing functional data linking TMEM218 to ciliary transition zone function, our human genetic data make a strong case for TMEM218 dysfunction as a cause of ciliopathy phenotypes including JBTS with retinal dystrophy and Meckel syndrome. Identifying all genetic causes of the Joubert-Meckel spectrum enables diagnostic testing, prognostic and recurrence risk counseling, and medical monitoring, as well as work to delineate the underlying biological mechanisms and identify targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L. Giordano
- Department of OB/GYN, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Inge B. Mathijssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Genetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dorien Lugtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Caitlin V. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Mahsa Sadat Asl Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elizabeth van Leeuwen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Pajkrt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aoife M. Waters
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1LE, UK
| | | | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vimla S. Aggarwal
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Bert B.A. de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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