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Alzola-Andrés M, Domingo-Echaburu S, Segura Y, Valcárcel Y, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters: an analysis of the UBA's pharmaceutical database. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:99345-99361. [PMID: 37610546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters (HWW) has been a focus of interest for researchers in the last decades. Certain therapeutic classes, such as X-ray contrast media, broad-spectrum antimicrobials and cytotoxics among others, are mainly used in hospitals-health care facilities. This study is focused on available studies monitoring the presence of pharmaceuticals in HWW around the world. To that end, the last available version (v3. 2021) of the "Pharmaceuticals in the Environment" database published by the Federal German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) has been used. Almost half of all studies included (107) have been conducted in Europe. Pharmaceuticals have been monitored in HWW in 38 different countries across all five continents. The country with the greatest number of studies is Brazil (11), followed by Spain (8), China (7), and France (6). Our analysis revealed that 271 different pharmaceuticals have been detected at least once in HWW. The five drugs with more studies showing a positive detection are ciprofloxacin (38), sulfamethoxazole (36), diclofenac (34), ibuprofen (29), and trimethoprim (27). A total of 47 out of 271 drugs are considered in the NIOSH "Hazardous drug" list. However, monitoring data for some widely used drugs in hospital settings such as muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and antidotes is lacking. In conclusion, this study provides the first large-scale metadata analysis for the pharmaceuticals in HWW worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Alzola-Andrés
- School of Pharmacy, NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Saioa Domingo-Echaburu
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Debagoiena Integrated Health Organisation, Pharmacy Service, Nafarroa Hiribidea 16, 20500, Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Yolanda Segura
- Chemical and Environmental Technology Department, University Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida Tulipan s/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Health and Environment Risk Assessment Group, (RiSAMA), University Rey Juan Carlos, Avda Tulipán sn, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.
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