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Randler C, Adan A, Antofie MM, Arrona-Palacios A, Candido M, Boeve-de Pauw J, Chandrakar P, Demirhan E, Detsis V, Di Milia L, Fančovičová J, Gericke N, Haldar P, Heidari Z, Jankowski KS, Lehto JE, Lundell-Creagh R, Medina-Jerez W, Meule A, L. Milfont T, Orgilés M, Morales A, Natale V, Ortiz-Jiménez X, Pande B, Partonen T, Pati AK, Prokop P, Rahafar A, Scheuch M, Sahu S, Tomažič I, Tonetti L, Vallejo Medina P, van Petegem P, Vargas A, Vollmer C. Animal Welfare Attitudes: Effects of Gender and Diet in University Samples from 22 Countries. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071893. [PMID: 34202129 PMCID: PMC8300362 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal Welfare Attitudes (AWA) are defined as human attitudes towards the welfare of animals in different dimensions and settings. Demographic factors, such as age and gender are associated with AWA. The aim of this study was to assess gender differences among university students in a large convenience sample from twenty-two nations in AWA. A total of 7914 people participated in the study (5155 women, 2711 men, 48 diverse). Participants completed a questionnaire that collected demographic data, typical diet and responses to the Composite Respect for Animals Scale Short version (CRAS-S). In addition, we used a measure of gender empowerment from the Human Development Report. The largest variance in AWA was explained by diet, followed by country and gender. In terms of diet, 6385 participants reported to be omnivores, 296 as pescatarian, 637 ate a vegetarian diet and 434 were vegans (n = 162 without answer). Diet was related with CRAS-S scores; people with a vegan diet scored higher in AWA than omnivores. Women scored significantly higher on AWA than men. Furthermore, gender differences in AWA increased as gender inequality decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Randler
- Department of Biology, University of Tuebingen, Morgenstelle 24, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Education Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Mihaela Antofie
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
| | - Arturo Arrona-Palacios
- Writing Lab, Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 64849 Monterery, Mexico;
| | - Manecas Candido
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Pedagogica Mazombique, University Rovuma, 3100 Nampula, Mozambique;
| | - Jelle Boeve-de Pauw
- Department of Training and Education Sciences, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.B.-d.P.); (P.v.P.)
| | - Priti Chandrakar
- SoS in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India; (P.C.); (B.P.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Eda Demirhan
- Department of Special Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54300, Turkey;
| | - Vassilis Detsis
- Department of Economics and Sustainable Development, Harokopio University, Venizelou 70, 17676 Athens, Greece;
| | - Lee Di Milia
- School of Business & Law, CQ University Australia, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia;
| | - Jana Fančovičová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Niklas Gericke
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden;
| | - Prasun Haldar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Paschim Medinipur 721129, West Bengal, India;
| | - Zeinab Heidari
- Independent Researcher, 1653676331 Tehran, Iran; (Z.H.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Juhani E. Lehto
- Educational Sciences, Open University, P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 3 A), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Ryan Lundell-Creagh
- Department of Psychology, Bishops University, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada;
| | | | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Taciano L. Milfont
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand;
| | - Mireia Orgilés
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Morales
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Natale
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.N.); (L.T.)
| | | | - Babita Pande
- SoS in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India; (P.C.); (B.P.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Atanu Kumar Pati
- SoS in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India; (P.C.); (B.P.); (A.K.P.)
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
- Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur 768004, India
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Arash Rahafar
- Independent Researcher, 1653676331 Tehran, Iran; (Z.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Martin Scheuch
- Austrian Educational Competence Centre for Biology, University of Vienna, Porzellangasse 4/2, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Environmental Education, University College for Agricultural & Environmental Education, Angermayergasse 1, 1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Subhashis Sahu
- Ergonomics & Occupational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India;
| | - Iztok Tomažič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Lorenzo Tonetti
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.N.); (L.T.)
| | - Pablo Vallejo Medina
- Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz. Cra. 9 Bis #62-43, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia; (P.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Peter van Petegem
- Department of Training and Education Sciences, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.B.-d.P.); (P.v.P.)
| | - Alejandro Vargas
- Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz. Cra. 9 Bis #62-43, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia; (P.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Christian Vollmer
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Pastorsstr. 7, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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