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Lev A, Tenenbaum G, Eldadi O, Broitman T, Friedland J, Sharabany M, Galily Y. “In your face”: The transition from physical to symbolic violence among NBA players. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266875. [PMID: 35584093 PMCID: PMC9116670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The NBA has undergone formative changes since commissioner David Stern began his tenure. Stern has endeavored to make the NBA a consumer-friendly and marketable league by implementing sanctions on physical violence. This study takes a closer look at Stern’s efforts by examining the interplay between two forms of violence in NBA basketball players on the court: “old fashioned” physical violence (PV) and symbolic violence (SV). Of the 117 NBA finals broadcast for twenty years from 1998 to 2018, a stratified random sample (36 games or 30.8%) of the violations and commentators’ comments were coded, providing a wide perspective on forms of violence over time. The findings reveal that although the number of PV incidents decreased, SV increased starting in 2014, to the extent that SV incidents were more frequent than PV. A thematic analysis of the commentators’ remarks associated with these incidents showed that they support and encourage PV, whereas SV tends to be perceived as harmless and therefore permissible to ignore. Unlike PV, SV is not perceived to be as worthy of media coverage. The relative lack of commentator interest is indicative of the lack of “glamour” of SV in the NBA league. It is suggested that since viewers of professional sports often emulate the players, the increase of SV within the NBA is likely to be mirrored in fans in their everyday lives and in amateur basketball players. Although the rise in SV causes fewer physical injuries in professional basketball players, it nevertheless can cause psychological harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Lev
- Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Sport, Media and Society (SMS) Research Lab, Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Gershon Tenenbaum
- B. Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Omer Eldadi
- Sport, Media and Society (SMS) Research Lab, Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- B. Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Topaz Broitman
- B. Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | | | - Maor Sharabany
- Efi Arazy School of Computer Science, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Yair Galily
- Sport, Media and Society (SMS) Research Lab, Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- B. Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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