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Hanssen I, Ten Klooster P, Huijbers M, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Boere E, El Filali E, Geerling B, Goossens P, Kupka R, Speckens A, Regeer E. Development and validation of a Manic Thought Inventory. Bipolar Disord 2023; 25:564-570. [PMID: 36840434 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Manic Thought Inventory (MTI), a patient-driven self-report inventory to assess the presence of typical (hypo)manic cognitions. METHODS The initial item pool was generated by patients with bipolar disorder (BD) type I and assessed for suitability by five psychiatrists specialized in treating BD. Study 1 describes the item analysis and exploratory factor structure of the MTI in a sample of 251 patients with BD type I. In study 2, the factor structure was validated with confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and divergent validity were assessed in an independent sample of 201 patients with BD type I. RESULTS Study 1 resulted in a 50-item version of the MTI measuring one underlying factor. Study 2 confirmed the essentially unidimensional underlying construct in a 47-item version of the MTI. Internal consistency of the 47-item version of the MTI was excellent (α = 0.97). The MTI showed moderate to large positive correlations with other measures related to mania. It was not correlated with measures of depression. CONCLUSION The MTI showed good psychometric properties and can be useful in research and clinical practice. Patients could use the MTI to select items that they recognize as being characteristic of their (hypo)manic episodes. By monitoring and challenging these items, the MTI could augment current psychological interventions for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Hanssen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Klooster
- Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Huijbers
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lochmann van Bennekom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Outpatient clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Boere
- PsyQ Department of Mood Disorders, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Geerling
- Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Dimence Mental Health, Center for Bipolar Disorders, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Goossens
- Dimence Mental Health, Center for Bipolar Disorders, Deventer, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Regeer
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hanssen I, Huijbers M, Regeer E, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Stevens A, van Dijk P, Boere E, Havermans R, Hoenders R, Kupka R, Speckens AE. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual in people with bipolar disorder: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6678-6690. [PMCID: PMC10600813 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) seems a promising intervention for bipolar disorder (BD), but there is a lack of randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating this. The purpose of this multicentre, evaluator blinded RCT was to investigate the added value of MBCT to treatment as usual (TAU) in BD up to 15 months follow-up (NCT03507647). Methods A total of 144 participants with BD type I and II were randomised to MBCT + TAU (n = 72) and TAU (n = 72). Primary outcome was current depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes were current (hypo)manic and anxiety symptoms, recurrence rates, rumination, dampening of positive affect, functional impairment, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, and positive mental health. Potential moderators of treatment outcome were examined. Results MBCT + TAU was not more efficacious than TAU in reducing current depressive symptoms at post-treatment (95% CI [−7.0 to 1.8], p = 0.303, d = 0.24) or follow-up (95% CI [−2.2 to 6.3], p = 0.037, d = 0.13). At post-treatment, MBCT + TAU was more effective than TAU in improving mindfulness skills. At follow-up, TAU was more effective than MBCT + TAU in reducing trait anxiety and improving mindfulness skills and positive mental health. Exploratory analysis revealed that participants with higher depressive symptoms and functional impairment at baseline benefitted more from MBCT + TAU than TAU. Conclusions In these participants with highly recurrent BD, MBCT may be a treatment option in addition to TAU for those who suffer from moderate to severe levels of depression and functional impairment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03507647. Registered the 25 April 2018, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01126827 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Hanssen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Center for Mindfulness, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6526 GC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Huijbers
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Center for Mindfulness, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6526 GC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Regeer
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Lange Nieuwstraat 119, 3512 PG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Lochmann van Bennekom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Nijmeegsebaan 61, 6525 DX, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Stevens
- Dimence Mental Health, Center for Bipolar Disorders, Pikeursbaan 3, 7411 GT, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Petra van Dijk
- PsyQ, Department of Mood Disorders, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Elvira Boere
- PsyQ, Department of Mood Disorders, Max Euwelaan 70, 3062 MA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Havermans
- PsyQ Department of Bipolar Disorders, Mondriaan, Oranjeplein 10, 6224 KD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Hoenders
- Lentis, Center for Integral Psychiatry, Hereweg 80, 9725 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Lange Nieuwstraat 119, 3512 PG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne E. Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Center for Mindfulness, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6526 GC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Hanssen I, Scheepbouwer V, Huijbers M, Regeer E, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Kupka R, Speckens A. Adverse or therapeutic? A mixed-methods study investigating adverse effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259167. [PMID: 34735517 PMCID: PMC8568103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) are widely used in clinical and non-clinical populations, but little attention has been given to potential adverse effects (AEs). AIMS This study aimed to gain insight in the prevalence and course of AEs during Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD The current mixed-methods study was conducted as part of a RCT on (cost-) effectiveness of MBCT in 144 patients with BD (Trial registered on 25th of April 2018, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03507647). During MBCT, occurrence of AEs was monitored prospectively, systematically, and actively (n = 72). Patients who reported AEs were invited for semi-structured interviews after completing MBCT (n = 29). Interviews were analysed with directed content analysis, using an existing framework by Lindahl et al. RESULTS AEs were reported by 29 patients, in seven of whom the experiences could not be attributed to MBCT during the interview. AEs were reported most frequently up to week 3 and declined afterwards. Baseline anxiety appeared to be a risk factor for developing AEs. Seven existing domains of AEs were observed: cognitive, perceptual, affective, somatic, conative, sense of self, and social. Influencing factors were subdivided into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and mitigating factors. With hindsight, more than half of patients considered the reported AEs as therapeutic rather than harmful. CONCLUSIONS Although the occurrence of AEs in MBCT for patients with BD is not rare, even in this population with severe mental illness they were not serious or had lasting bad effects. In fact, most of them were seen by the patients as being part of a therapeutic process, although some patients only experienced AEs as negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Hanssen
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Scheepbouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Huijbers
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Regeer
- Altrecht institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic For Bipolar Disorder, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lochmann van Bennekom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Altrecht institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic For Bipolar Disorder, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hanssen I, van der Horst N, Boele M, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Regeer E, Speckens A. The feasibility of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with bipolar disorder: a qualitative study. Int J Bipolar Disord 2020; 8:33. [PMID: 33175338 PMCID: PMC7658276 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mindfulness- Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) could be a promising psychosocial intervention for people with bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known about the feasibility of MBCT for people with BD. In this study we explore the facilitators and barriers people with BD experience of an adapted MBCT program. Method This qualitative study is part of a large, multicenter randomized controlled trial on MBCT for BD (trial registration number: NCT03507647). The present study included 16 participants with BD who participated in an 8-week adapted MBCT program. Semi- structured interviews exploring the feasibility, with a particular focus on the bipolar symptoms, were recorded verbatim, transcribed and analyzed. For reasons of triangulation, teachers were interviewed as well. Results Participants reported different barriers and facilitators of MBCT, both generally as well as with regard to their bipolar disorder. Four key themes arose: the training itself, psychosocial factors, personal characteristics and the bipolar disorder. Themes were further divided in subthemes. Conclusion The adapted MBCT program seemed to be feasible for people with BD. Depressive symptoms often acted as a barrier for participating in MBCT, suggesting that participants might need additional support when depressed. Manic symptoms could act both as a barrier and facilitator, suggesting that the occurrence of (hypo)mania does not necessarily have to be an exclusion criterion for participation. Further clinical and research implications are suggested. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03507647. Registered 25th of April 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03507647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Hanssen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole van der Horst
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marieke Boele
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lochmann van Bennekom
- Pro Persona Institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorders, Tarweweg 2, 6534 AM, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Regeer
- Altecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Lange Nieuwstraat 119, 3512 PG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Speckens
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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