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Bi W, Liu S, O’Connor MP, Owens JR, Valitutto MT, Hou R, Qi D, Hayek LAC, Wu F, Ma R, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Callan R, Luo L, Huang W, Zhang Z, Spotila JR. Hematological and biochemical parameters of giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in captive and semi-natural environments. Conserv Physiol 2024; 12:coad083. [PMID: 38369984 PMCID: PMC10873526 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Physiological indexes like blood parameters have been widely used to monitor the health of free-roaming animals. Attempts to reintroduce one of China's most endangered species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), have been hampered by a lack of data on its ecology and physiology. We examined three giant pandas' hematological and blood chemistry parameters in a soft release program and 30 captive giant pandas as controls and determined the reference intervals (RIs) for those blood parameters in the captive animals. Elevation, captivity status and the interaction of those factors were statistically significant for hematologic measures. Release pandas had significantly higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values after they moved to high elevation locations. We also found significant difference in the enzyme parameters between high and low elevation pandas such as higher aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, amylase and lower lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Release pandas also had higher nutrition parameter values such as higher albumin, globulin and creatinine. The RI for blood parameters in our study provides a baseline to monitor the health of captive animals and forms the basis for assessing the health of free-roaming giant pandas in future reintroduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Bi
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Michael P O’Connor
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob R Owens
- Department of Conservation, Los Angeles Zoo, Botanical Gardens, 5333 Zoo Dr Los Angeles, California, CA 90027, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Ste. 1200, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Lee-Ann Collins Hayek
- Smithsonian Institution, MRC, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Global Cause Foundation, 1002 Doe Run, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Yanshan Zhou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
- Miami University, 501 E. High St, Oxford OH, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - James R Spotila
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3145 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Global Cause Foundation, 1002 Doe Run, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Valitutto MT, Aung O, Naing Tun KY, Vodzak ME, Zimmerman D, Yu JH, Win YT, Maw MT, Thein WZ, Win HH, Dhanota J, Ontiveros V, Smith B, Tremeau-Bravard A, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Murray S, Mazet J. Correction: Detection of novel coronaviruses in bats in Myanmar. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295490. [PMID: 38048309 PMCID: PMC10695361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230802.].
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Yadana S, Valitutto MT, Aung O, Hayek LAC, Yu JH, Myat TW, Lin H, Htun MM, Thu HM, Hagan E, Francisco L, Murray S. Assessing Behavioral Risk Factors Driving Zoonotic Spillover Among High-risk Populations in Myanmar. Ecohealth 2023:10.1007/s10393-023-01636-9. [PMID: 37256491 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global emergence of zoonoses warrants improved awareness of activities that predispose vulnerable communities to greater risk of disease. Zoonotic disease outbreaks regularly occur within Myanmar and at its borders partly due to insufficient knowledge of behavioral risks, hindering participatory surveillance and reporting. This study employed a behavioral surveillance strategy among high-risk populations to understand the behavioral risks for zoonotic disease transmission in an effort to identify risk factors for pathogen spillover. To explore behavioral mechanisms of spillover in Myanmar, we aimed to: (1) evaluate the details around animal contact and types of interaction, (2) assess the association between self-reported unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) and animal contact activities and (3) identify the potential risk factors including behavioral practices of self-reported illness. Participants were enrolled at two community sites: Hpa-An and Hmawbi in Southern Myanmar. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants' animal exposures, behaviors and self-reported illnesses. From these responses, associations between (1) animal contact activities and self-reported unusual illnesses, and (2) potential risk factors and self-reported unusual illness were tested. Contact with poultry seemed to be very frequent (91.1%) and many participants reported raising, handling and having poultry in their houses as well as slaughtering or being scratched/bitten by them, followed by contact with rodents (57.8%) and swine (17.9%). Compared to participants who did not have any unusual symptoms, participants who had unusual symptoms in the past year were more likely to have sold dead animals (OR = 13.6, 95% CI 6.8-27.2), slaughtered (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.7-3.3), raised (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-5.0) or handled animals (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.6), and had eaten sick (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 3.0-6.4) and/or dead animals (OR = 6.0, 95% CI 4.1-8.8) in the same year. Odds of having reported unusual symptoms was higher among those involved in animal production business (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.9-6.2) and animal-involved livelihoods (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2) compared to other livelihoods. The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock and wild animals in communities we investigated in Myanmar. The study highlights the specific high-risk behaviors as they relate to animal contact and demographic risk factors for zoonotic spillover. Our findings contribute to human behavioral data needed to develop targeted interventions to prevent zoonotic disease transmission at human-animal interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA.
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA.
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 10th St. & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
| | - Jennifer H Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Moh Moh Htun
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Emily Hagan
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Leilani Francisco
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
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McEvoy JF, Kishbaugh JC, Valitutto MT, Aung O, Tun KYN, Win YT, Maw MT, Thein WZ, Win HH, Chit AM, Vodzak ME, Murray S. Movements of Indian Flying Fox in Myanmar as a Guide to Human-Bat Interface Sites. Ecohealth 2021; 18:204-216. [PMID: 34448977 PMCID: PMC8390844 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frugivorous bats play a vital role in tropical ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers but are also important vectors of zoonotic diseases. Myanmar sits at the intersection of numerous bioregions and contains habitats that are important for many endangered and endemic species. This rapidly developing country also forms a connection between hotspots of emerging human diseases. We deployed Global Positioning System collars to track the movements of 10 Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in the agricultural landscapes of central Myanmar. We used clustering analysis to identify foraging sites and high-utilization areas. As part of a larger viral surveillance study in bats of Myanmar, we also collected oral and rectal swab samples from 29 bats to test for key emerging viral diseases in this colony. There were no positive results detected for our chosen viruses. We analyzed their foraging movement behavior and evaluated selected foraging sites for their potential as human-wildlife interface sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F McEvoy
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Kishbaugh
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Kyaw Yan Naing Tun
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Wai Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Myo Chit
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Megan E Vodzak
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
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Valitutto MT, Aung O, Tun KYN, Vodzak ME, Zimmerman D, Yu JH, Win YT, Maw MT, Thein WZ, Win HH, Dhanota J, Ontiveros V, Smith B, Tremeau-Brevard A, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Murray S, Mazet J. Detection of novel coronaviruses in bats in Myanmar. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230802. [PMID: 32271768 PMCID: PMC7144984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of bat-borne zoonotic viruses warrants vigilant surveillance in their natural hosts. Of particular concern is the family of coronaviruses, which includes the causative agents of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), an epidemic of acute respiratory illness originating from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Viral detection, discovery, and surveillance activities were undertaken in Myanmar to identify viruses in animals at high risk contact interfaces with people. Free-ranging bats were captured, and rectal and oral swabs and guano samples collected for coronaviral screening using broadly reactive consensus conventional polymerase chain reaction. Sequences from positives were compared to known coronaviruses. Three novel alphacoronaviruses, three novel betacoronaviruses, and one known alphacoronavirus previously identified in other southeast Asian countries were detected for the first time in bats in Myanmar. Ongoing land use change remains a prominent driver of zoonotic disease emergence in Myanmar, bringing humans into ever closer contact with wildlife, and justifying continued surveillance and vigilance at broad scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Valitutto
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kyaw Yan Naing Tun
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Vodzak
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer H. Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Wai Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Jasjeet Dhanota
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Ontiveros
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Tremeau-Brevard
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jonna Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Yu JH, Durrant KL, Liu S, Carlin EP, Wang C, Rodriguez J, Bratthauer A, Walsh T, Valitutto MT, Fine L, Murray S, Fleischer RC. First Report of a Novel Hepatozoon sp. in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Ecohealth 2019; 16:338-345. [PMID: 31147811 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first report of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) infected with a novel Hepatozoon species is presented. An intraleukocytic parasite was detected via routine blood smear from a zoo-housed giant panda at the National Zoological Park. Ribosomal DNA sequences indicated a previously undescribed Hepatozoon species. Phylogenetic and distance analyses of the sequences placed it within its own branch, clustered with Old World species with carnivore (primarily ursid and mustelid) hosts. Retrospective and opportunistic testing of other individuals produced additional positive detections (17/23, 73.9%), demonstrating 100% prevalence (14/14) across five institutions. All animals were asymptomatic at time of sampling, and health implications for giant pandas remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
| | - Kate L Durrant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Songrui Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ellen P Carlin
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Ann Bratthauer
- Department of Pathology, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tim Walsh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Leah Fine
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
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Kishbaugh JC, Valitutto MT, Ober JE, Zimmerman DM, Howard LL, Schmitt DL, Sanchez CR, Murray S. Do lyophilized platelets hold promise for treatment of hemorrhagic diseases in wild animals? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:168-170. [PMID: 29319441 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify important subspecies and serovars of Salmonella enterica in a captive reptile population and clinically relevant risk factors for and signs of illness in Salmonella-positive reptiles. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 11 crocodilians (4 samples), 78 snakes (91 samples), 59 lizards (57 samples), and 34 chelonians (23 samples) at the Bronx Zoo from 2000 through 2012. PROCEDURES Data pertaining to various types of biological samples obtained from reptiles with positive Salmonella culture results and the reptiles themselves were analyzed to determine period prevalence of and risk factors for various Salmonella-related outcomes. RESULTS Serovar distribution differences were identified for sample type, reptile phylogenetic family, and reptile origin and health. Salmonella enterica subsp enterica was the most common subspecies in Salmonella cultures (78/175 [45%]), identified across all reptilian taxa. Salmonella enterica subsp diarizonae was also common (42/175 [24%]) and was recovered almost exclusively from snakes (n = 33), many of which had been clinically ill (17). Clinically ill reptiles provided 37% (64) of Salmonella cultures. Factors associated with an increased risk of illness in reptiles with a positive culture result were carnivorous diet and prior confiscation. Snakes had a higher risk of illness than other reptile groups, whereas lizards had a lower risk. Bony changes, dermatitis, and anorexia were the most common clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provided new information on Salmonella infection or carriage and associated clinical disease in reptiles. Associations identified between serovars or subspecies and reptile groups or clinical disease can guide management of Salmonella-positive captive reptiles.
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Valitutto MT, Raphael BL, Calle PP, Papich MG. Tissue Concentrations of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin after a Single Topical Dose in the Coqui Frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-23.3.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. Valitutto
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Raphael
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Paul P. Calle
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Mark G. Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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