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Wahl S, Drong A, Lehne B, Loh M, Scott WR, Kunze S, Tsai PC, Ried JS, Zhang W, Yang Y, Tan S, Fiorito G, Franke L, Guarrera S, Kasela S, Kriebel J, Richmond RC, Adamo M, Afzal U, Ala-Korpela M, Albetti B, Ammerpohl O, Apperley JF, Beekman M, Bertazzi PA, Black SL, Blancher C, Bonder MJ, Brosch M, Carstensen-Kirberg M, de Craen AJM, de Lusignan S, Dehghan A, Elkalaawy M, Fischer K, Franco OH, Gaunt TR, Hampe J, Hashemi M, Isaacs A, Jenkinson A, Jha S, Kato N, Krogh V, Laffan M, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Mok ZY, Motta V, Ng HK, Nikolakopoulou Z, Nteliopoulos G, Panico S, Pervjakova N, Prokisch H, Rathmann W, Roden M, Rota F, Rozario MA, Sandling JK, Schafmayer C, Schramm K, Siebert R, Slagboom PE, Soininen P, Stolk L, Strauch K, Tai ES, Tarantini L, Thorand B, Tigchelaar EF, Tumino R, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn C, van Meurs JBJ, Vineis P, Wickremasinghe AR, Wijmenga C, Yang TP, Yuan W, Zhernakova A, Batterham RL, Smith GD, Deloukas P, Heijmans BT, Herder C, Hofman A, Lindgren CM, Milani L, van der Harst P, Peters A, Illig T, Relton CL, Waldenberger M, Järvelin MR, Bollati V, Soong R, Spector TD, Scott J, McCarthy MI, Elliott P, Bell JT, Matullo G, Gieger C, Kooner JS, Grallert H, Chambers JC. Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity. Nature 2016; 541:81-86. [PMID: 28002404 PMCID: PMC5570525 DOI: 10.1038/nature20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect ~1.5 billion people worldwide, and are major risk factors for type-2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease and related metabolic and inflammatory disturbances.1,2 Although the mechanisms linking adiposity to its clinical sequelae are poorly understood, recent studies suggest that adiposity may influence DNA methylation,3–6 a key regulator of gene expression and molecular phenotype.7 Here we use epigenome-wide association to show that body mass index (BMI, a key measure of adiposity) is associated with widespread changes in DNA methylation (187 genetic loci at P<1x10-7, range P=9.2x10-8 to 6.0x10-46; N=10,261 samples). Genetic association analyses demonstrate that the alterations in DNA methylation are predominantly the consequence of adiposity, rather than the cause. We find the methylation loci are enriched for functional genomic features in multiple tissues (P<0.05), and show that sentinel methylation markers identify gene expression signatures at 38 loci (P<9.0x10-6, range P=5.5x10-6 to 6.1x10-35, N=1,785 samples). The methylation loci identified highlight genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, substrate transport, and inflammatory pathways. Finally, we show that the disturbances in DNA methylation predict future type-2 diabetes (relative risk per 1SD increase in Methylation Risk Score: 2.3 [2.07-2.56]; P=1.1x10-54). Our results provide new insights into the biologic pathways influenced by adiposity, and may enable development of new strategies for prediction and prevention of type-2 diabetes and other adverse clinical consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wahl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Institute of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Youwen Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sili Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Marco Adamo
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Benedetta Albetti
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lucas Black
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics-Oxford Genomic Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marc-Jan Bonder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Brosch
- Medical Department 1, University Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7PX, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Elkalaawy
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Surgery Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Hadara, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department 1, University Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Majid Hashemi
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Jenkinson
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, Max Healthcare, New Delhi 110 017, India
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 1628655, Japan
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Laffan
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuan Yu Mok
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valeria Motta
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Hong Kiat Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou
- Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartmento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia Federio II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Federica Rota
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michelle Ann Rozario
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ettje F Tigchelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civile-M.P. Arezzo' Hospital, ASP 7, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ananda Rajitha Wickremasinghe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, PO Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK.,Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 15, D-30625 Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, PO Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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