1
|
Kowalczyk T, Staszelis A, Bocian R, Siwiec M, Sowa JE, Tokarski K, Kaźmierska-Grębowska P, Caban B. Posterior hypothalamic theta rhythm: Electrophysiological basis and involvement of glutamatergic receptors. Hippocampus 2023; 33:844-861. [PMID: 36688619 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The posterior hypothalamic area (PHa), including the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, forms a crucial part of the ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathway, that is involved in the frequency programming and modulation of rhythmic theta activity generated in limbic structures. Recent investigations show that in addition to being a modulator of limbic theta activity, the PHa is capable of producing well-synchronized local theta field potentials by itself. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the PHa to generate theta field potentials and accompanying cell discharges in response to glutamatergic stimulation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The second objective was to examine the electrophysiological properties of neurons located in the SuM and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Extracellular in vivo and in vitro as well as intracellular in vitro experiments revealed that glutamatergic stimulation of PHa with kainic acid induces well-synchronized local theta field oscillations in both the supramammillary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Furthermore, the glutamatergic PHa theta rhythm recorded extracellularly was accompanied by the activity of specific subtypes of theta-related neurons. We identify, for the first time, a subpopulation of supramammillary and posterior hypothalamic neurons that express clear subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in the theta frequency range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Staszelis
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Bocian
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna E Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Caban
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bijata M, Bączyńska E, Müller FE, Bijata K, Masternak J, Krzystyniak A, Szewczyk B, Siwiec M, Antoniuk S, Roszkowska M, Figiel I, Magnowska M, Olszyński KH, Wardak AD, Hogendorf A, Ruszczycki B, Gorinski N, Labus J, Stępień T, Tarka S, Bojarski AJ, Tokarski K, Filipkowski RK, Ponimaskin E, Wlodarczyk J. Activation of the 5-HT7 receptor and MMP-9 signaling module in the hippocampal CA1 region is necessary for the development of depressive-like behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110532. [PMID: 35294881 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a complex disease resulting from aberrant synaptic plasticity that may be caused by abnormal serotonergic signaling. Using a combination of behavioral, biochemical, and imaging methods, we analyze 5-HT7R/MMP-9 signaling and dendritic spine plasticity in the hippocampus in mice treated with the selective 5-HT7R agonist (LP-211) and in a model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive-like behavior. We show that acute 5-HT7R activation induces depressive-like behavior in mice in an MMP-9-dependent manner and that post mortem brain samples from human individuals with depression reveal increased MMP-9 enzymatic activity in the hippocampus. Both pharmacological activation of 5-HT7R and modulation of its downstream effectors as a result of CUS lead to dendritic spine elongation and decreased spine density in this region. Overall, the 5-HT7R/MMP-9 pathway is specifically activated in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus during chronic stress and is crucial for inducing depressive-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bijata
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ewa Bączyńska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; The Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franziska E Müller
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Krystian Bijata
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Masternak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krzystyniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Svitlana Antoniuk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matylda Roszkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Figiel
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Magnowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof H Olszyński
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka D Wardak
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Hogendorf
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Błażej Ruszczycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nataliya Gorinski
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Josephine Labus
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Tarka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert K Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kusek M, Siwiec M, Sowa JE, Bobula B, Bilecki W, Ciurej I, Kaczmarczyk M, Kowalczyk T, Maćkowiak M, Hess G, Tokarski K. 5-HT 7 receptors enhance inhibitory synaptic input to principal neurons in the mouse basal amygdala. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108779. [PMID: 34481835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The basal amygdala (BA) has been implicated in encoding fear and its extinction. The level of serotonin (5-HT) in the BA increases due to arousal and stress related to aversive stimuli. The effects of 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) activation and blockade on the activity of BA neurons have not yet been investigated. In the present study, a transgenic mouse line carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was used to identify neurons that express the 5-HT7R. GFP immunoreactivity was present mainly in cells that also expressed GAD67 or parvalbumin (PV), the phenotypic markers for GABAergic interneurons. Most cells showing GFP fluorescence demonstrated firing patterns characteristic of BA inhibitory interneurons. Activation of 5-HT7Rs resulted in a depolarization and/or occurrence of spontaneous spiking activity of BA interneurons that was accompanied by an increase in the mean frequency and mean amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded from BA principal neurons. These effects were blocked by a specific 5-HT7R antagonist, SB269970 and were absent in slices from 5-HT7R knockout mice. Activation of 5-HT7Rs also decreased the mean frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) recorded from BA principal neurons, which was blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Neither inhibitory nor excitatory miniature postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs/mEPSCs) were affected by 5-HT7R activation. These results show that in the BA 5-HT7Rs stimulate an activity-dependent enhancement of inhibitory input from local interneurons to BA principal neurons and provide insights about the possible involvement of BA serotonergic receptors in neuronal mechanisms underlying fear memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusek
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Ewa Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bilecki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Izabela Ciurej
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Str., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Pomorska Str. No 141/143, 91-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marzena Maćkowiak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zelek-Molik A, Bobula B, Gądek-Michalska A, Chorązka K, Bielawski A, Kuśmierczyk J, Siwiec M, Wilczkowski M, Hess G, Nalepa I. Psychosocial Crowding Stress-Induced Changes in Synaptic Transmission and Glutamate Receptor Expression in the Rat Frontal Cortex. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020294. [PMID: 33669305 PMCID: PMC7920072 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates how exposure to psychosocial crowding stress (CS) for 3, 7, and 14 days affects glutamate synapse functioning and signal transduction in the frontal cortex (FC) of rats. CS effects on synaptic activity were evaluated in FC slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) by measuring field potential (FP) amplitude, paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and long-term potentiation (LTP). Protein expression of GluA1, GluN2B mGluR1a/5, VGLUT1, and VGLUT2 was assessed in FC by western blot. The body’s response to CS was evaluated by measuring body weight and the plasma level of plasma corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). CS 3 14d increased FP and attenuated LTP in M1, while PPR was augmented in CS 14d. The expression of GluA1, GluN2B, and mGluR1a/5 was up-regulated in CS 3d and downregulated in CS 14d. VGLUTs expression tended to increase in CS 7d. The failure to blunt the effects of chronic CS on FP and LTP in M1 suggests the impairment of habituation mechanisms by psychosocial stressors. PPR augmented by chronic CS with increased VGLUTs level in the CS 7d indicates that prolonged CS exposure changed presynaptic signaling within the FC. The CS bidirectional profile of changes in glutamate receptors’ expression seems to be a common mechanism evoked by stress in the FC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zelek-Molik
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-6623335
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (B.B.); (A.G.-M.); (M.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Anna Gądek-Michalska
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (B.B.); (A.G.-M.); (M.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Katarzyna Chorązka
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
| | - Adam Bielawski
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
| | - Justyna Kuśmierczyk
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (B.B.); (A.G.-M.); (M.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Michał Wilczkowski
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (B.B.); (A.G.-M.); (M.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.W.); (I.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Siwiec M, Kusek M, Sowa JE, Tokarski K, Hess G. 5-HT 7 receptors increase the excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by inhibiting the A-type potassium current. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108248. [PMID: 32736087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a widespread role of serotonin 5-HT7 receptors (5-HT7Rs) in the physiology of cognitive and affective processing. However, we still lack insights into 5-HT7R electrophysiology. Studies analyzing the 5-HT7R-mediated changes in CA1 pyramidal neuron activity revealed that 5-HT7R activation leads to the opening of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels (HCNs). However, our group and others have shown that CA1 pyramidal cells increase their excitability following 5-HT7R activation, an effect which cannot be explained by HCN channel opening. This suggests a different ionic mechanism might be responsible. To investigate this, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings of CA1 pyramidal cells in rat brain slices. It was found that acute 5-HT7R activation increased membrane excitability and decreased spiking latency. Both effects were blocked by a selective 5-HT7R antagonist. Spike latency in CA1 pyramidal cells is known to be regulated by transient outward voltage-dependent A-type potassium channels. Subsequent voltage clamp recordings revealed that acute 5-HT7R activation inhibited A-type potassium currents. Pharmacological block of Kv4.2/4.3 potassium channel subunits prevented the 5-HT7R agonist-induced changes in excitability and spiking latency, whereas blocking HCN channels had no influence on these effects. Taken together, the results reveal an ionic mechanism previously not known to be associated with 5-HT7R activation. Inhibition of A-type potassium channels can fully account for increased CA1 pyramidal cell excitability after 5-HT7R activation. These results can help explain a number of behavioral and physiological findings and will hopefully lead to a better understanding of 5-HT7 receptor signaling in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kusek
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ewa Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Skupio U, Tertil M, Bilecki W, Barut J, Korostynski M, Golda S, Kudla L, Wiktorowska L, Sowa JE, Siwiec M, Bobula B, Pels K, Tokarski K, Hess G, Ruszczycki B, Wilczynski G, Przewlocki R. Astrocytes determine conditioned response to morphine via glucocorticoid receptor-dependent regulation of lactate release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:404-415. [PMID: 31254970 PMCID: PMC6901448 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, neurons have been the primary focus of research on the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of brain function and pathological behaviors, such as addiction. Astrocytes, which are also glucocorticoid-responsive, have been recently implicated in the development of drug abuse, albeit through as yet undefined mechanisms. Here, using a spectrum of tools (whole-transcriptome profiling, viral-mediated RNA interference in vitro and in vivo, behavioral pharmacology and electrophysiology), we demonstrate that astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are an important locus of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent transcriptional changes that regulate rewarding effects of morphine. Specifically, we show that targeted knockdown of the GR in the NAc astrocytes enhanced conditioned responses to morphine, with a concomitant inhibition of morphine-induced neuronal excitability and plasticity. Interestingly, GR knockdown did not influence sensitivity to cocaine. Further analyses revealed GR-dependent regulation of astroglial metabolism. Notably, GR knockdown inhibited induced by glucocorticoids lactate release in astrocytes. Finally, lactate administration outbalanced conditioned responses to morphine in astroglial GR knockdown mice. These findings demonstrate a role of GR-dependent regulation of astrocytic metabolism in the NAc and a key role of GR-expressing astrocytes in opioid reward processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Skupio
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tertil
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bilecki
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Barut
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Kudla
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Wiktorowska
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna E. Sowa
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pels
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland ,0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blazej Ruszczycki
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diamandakis D, Zieminska E, Siwiec M, Tokarski K, Salinska E, Lenart J, Hess G, Lazarewicz JW. Tetrabromobisphenol A-induced depolarization of rat cerebellar granule cells: ex vivo and in vitro studies. Chemosphere 2019; 223:64-73. [PMID: 30769291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is toxic to cultured brain neurons, and glutamate receptors partially mediate this effect; consequently, the depolarizing effect of TBBPA on neurons is to be expected, but it is yet to be actually demonstrated. The aim of this study was to detect TBBPA-evoked depolarization and identify the underlying mechanisms. The plasma membrane potential of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) in cerebellar slices or in primary cultures was measured using whole-cell current clamp recordings, or the fluorescent probe oxonol VI, respectively. The contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors, voltage-gated sodium channels and intracellular calcium mobilization was tested using their selective antagonists or inhibitors. Direct interactions of TBBPA with NMDARs were tested by measuring the specific binding of radiolabeled NMDAR ligands to isolated rat cortical membrane fraction. TBBPA (25 μM) strongly depolarized CGC in cerebellar slices, and at ≥ 7.5 μM concentration-dependently depolarized primary CGC cultures. Depolarization of the primary CGC by 25 μM TBBPA was partly reduced when MK-801 was applied alone or in combination with either TTX or CNQX, or where bastadin 12 was applied in combination with ryanodine, whereas depolarization was completely prevented when MK-801, CNQX and TTX where combined. TBBPA had no effect on the specific binding of NMDAR radio-ligands to isolated cortical membranes. These results demonstrate the depolarizing effect of TBBPA on CGC, which is mainly mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors, while voltage-gated sodium channels are also involved. We found no evidence for the direct activation of NMDARs by TBBPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Diamandakis
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Salinska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pochwat B, Szewczyk B, Kotarska K, Rafało-Ulińska A, Siwiec M, Sowa JE, Tokarski K, Siwek A, Bouron A, Friedland K, Nowak G. Hyperforin Potentiates Antidepressant-Like Activity of Lanicemine in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:456. [PMID: 30618608 PMCID: PMC6299069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators induce rapid and sustained antidepressant like-activity in rodents through a molecular mechanism of action that involves the activation of Ca2+ dependent signaling pathways. Moreover, ketamine, a global NMDAR antagonist is a potent, novel, and atypical drug that has been successfully used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD). However, because ketamine evokes unwanted side effects, alternative strategies have been developed for the treatment of depression. The objective of the present study was to determine the antidepressant effects of either a single dose of hyperforin or lanicemine vs. their combined effects in mice. Hyperforin modulates intracellular Ca2+ levels by activating Ca2+-conducting non-selective canonical transient receptor potential 6 channel (TRPC6) channels. Lanicemine, on the other hand, blocks NMDARs and regulates Ca2+ dependent processes. To evaluate the antidepressant-like activity of hyperforin and lanicemine, a set of in vivo (behavioral) and in vitro methods (western blotting, Ca2+ imaging studies, electrophysiological, and radioligand binding assays) was employed. Combined administration of hyperforin and lanicemine evoked long-lasting antidepressant-like effects in both naïve and chronic corticosterone-treated mice while also enhancing the expression of the synapsin I, GluA1 subunit, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins in the frontal cortex. In Ca2+ imaging studies, lanicemine enhanced Ca2+ influx induced by hyperforin. Moreover, compound such as MK-2206 (Akt kinase inhibitor) inhibited the antidepressant-like activity of hyperforin in the tail suspension test (TST). Hyperforin reversed disturbances induced by MK-801 in the novel object recognition (NOR) test and had no effects on NMDA currents and binding to NMDAR. Our results suggest that co-administration of hyperforin and lanicemine induces long-lasting antidepressant effects in mice and that both substances may have different molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pochwat
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Rafało-Ulińska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna E Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, BIG-LCBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sowa J, Kusek M, Siwiec M, Sowa JE, Bobula B, Tokarski K, Hess G. The 5-HT 7 receptor antagonist SB 269970 ameliorates corticosterone-induced alterations in 5-HT 7 receptor-mediated modulation of GABAergic transmission in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3381-3390. [PMID: 30267130 PMCID: PMC6267141 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic stress and corticosterone have been shown to affect serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission; however, the influence of stress on the activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the main source of 5-HT in the forebrain, is not well understood. In particular, it is unknown if and how stress modifies DRN 5-HT7 receptors, which are involved in the modulation of the firing of local inhibitory interneurons responsible for regulating the activity of DRN projection cells. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated corticosterone injections on the modulation of the inhibitory transmission within the DRN by 5-HT7 receptors and whether it could be reversed by treatment with a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist. METHODS Male Wistar rats received corticosterone injections repeated twice daily for 14 days. Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were then recorded from DRN projection cells in ex vivo slice preparations obtained 24 h after the last injection. RESULTS Repeated corticosterone administration resulted in decreased frequency, but not amplitude, of sIPSCs in DRN projection cells. There were no changes in the excitability of these cells; however, corticosterone treatment suppressed the 5-HT7 receptor-mediated increase in sIPSC frequency. Administration of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB 269970 for 7 days beginning on the eighth day of corticosterone treatment reversed the detrimental effects of corticosterone on 5-HT7 receptor reactivity and GABAergic transmission in the DRN. CONCLUSIONS Elevated corticosterone level reduces DRN 5HT7 receptor reactivity and decreases GABAergic transmission within the DRN, which can be reversed by the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB 269970.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ewa Sowa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kusek M, Tokarska A, Siwiec M, Gadek-Michalska A, Szewczyk B, Hess G, Tokarski K. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor Attenuates the Effects of Repeated Restraint Stress on Synaptic Transmission in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Rat Hypothalamus. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:127. [PMID: 28515682 PMCID: PMC5413825 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-synthesizing parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs) of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) play a key role in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Several studies have demonstrated that synaptic inputs to these cells may undergo stress-related enhancement but, on the other hand, it has been reported that exposition to the same stressor for prolonged time periods may induce a progressive reduction in the response of the HPA axis to homotypic stressors. In the present study rats were subjected to 10 min restraint sessions, repeated twice daily for 3 or 7 days. Miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) were then recorded from PNCs in ex vivo hypothalamic slice preparations obtained 24 h after the last restraint. Restraint stress repeated over 3 days resulted in increased mean frequency and decreased rise time and decay time constant of mEPSCs, accompanied by a decrease in the excitability of PNCs, however, no such changes were evident in slices obtained from rats subjected to restraint over 7 days. There were no changes in mIPSCs after repeated restraint. Administration of the unspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blocker Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) before each restraint, repeated over 3 days, prevented the occurrence of an increase in mEPSC frequency. However, animals receiving L-NNA and subjected to repeated restraint had similar changes in PNCs membrane excitability and mEPSC kinetics as stressed rats not receiving L-NNA. Comparison of the effects of a single 10 min restraint session followed by either an immediate or delayed (24 h) decapitation revealed an increase in the mean mEPSC frequency and a decrease in the mean mIPSC frequency in slices prepared immediately after restraint, with no apparent effects when slice preparation was delayed by 24 h. These results demonstrate that restraint, lasting 10 min and repeated twice daily for 3 days, induces a selective and long-lasting enhancement of excitatory synaptic input onto PNCs, partially by a NOS-dependent mechanism, and reduces PNC excitability, whereas prolongation of repeated stress for up to 7 days results in an adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian UniversityKraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gadek-Michalska
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland.,Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian UniversityKraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kastman HE, Blasiak A, Walker L, Siwiec M, Krstew EV, Gundlach AL, Lawrence AJ. Nucleus incertus Orexin2 receptors mediate alcohol seeking in rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:82-91. [PMID: 27395787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder and a major global health problem. Stress is a key precipitant of relapse in human alcoholics and in animal models of alcohol seeking. The brainstem nucleus incertus (NI) contains a population of relaxin-3 neurons that are highly responsive to psychological stressors; and the ascending NI relaxin-3/RXFP3 signalling system is implicated in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. The NI receives orexinergic innervation and expresses orexin1 (OX1) and orexin2 (OX2) receptor mRNA. In alcohol-preferring (iP) rats, we examined the impact of yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking on orexin neuronal activation, and the effect of bilateral injections into NI of the OX1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867 (n = 16) or the OX2 receptor antagonist, TCS-OX2-29 (n = 8) on stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. We also assessed the effects of orexin-A on NI neuronal activity and the involvement of OX1 and OX2 receptors using whole cell patch-clamp recordings in rat brain slices. Yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking activated orexin neurons. Bilateral NI injections of TCS-OX2-29 attenuated yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. In contrast, intra-NI injection of SB-334867 had no significant effect. In line with these data, orexin-A (600 nM) depolarized a majority of NI neurons recorded in coronal brain slices (18/28 cells), effects prevented by bath application of TCS-OX2-29 (10 μM), but not SB-334867 (10 μM). These data suggest an excitatory orexinergic input to NI contributes to yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking, predominantly via OX2 receptor signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Kastman
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Leigh Walker
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elena V Krstew
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blasiak A, Siwiec M, Grabowiecka A, Blasiak T, Czerw A, Blasiak E, Kania A, Rajfur Z, Lewandowski MH, Gundlach AL. Excitatory orexinergic innervation of rat nucleus incertus--Implications for ascending arousal, motivation and feeding control. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:432-47. [PMID: 26265304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin peptides play a central role in the integrated control of feeding/reward and behavioural activation, principally via interactions with other neural systems. A brainstem area involved in behavioural activation is the nucleus incertus (NI), located in the posterior ventromedial central grey. Several studies have implicated NI in control of arousal/stress and reward/feeding responses. Orexin receptor mRNA expression identifies NI as a putative target of orexin modulation. Therefore, in this study we performed neural tract-tracing and immunofluorescence staining to characterise the orexinergic innervation of NI. Our results indicate a convergent innervation of the NI area by different orexin neuron populations, with an abundance of orexin-A-containing axons making putative synaptic contacts with relaxin-3-positive NI neurons. The influence of orexin-A on NI neuron activity was investigated using patch-clamp recordings. Orexin-A depolarised the majority (64%) of recorded neurons and this effect was maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin and glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists, indicating a likely postsynaptic action. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that in 'type I' NI neurons comprising relaxin-3-positive cells, orexin-A acted via L-type calcium channels, whereas in 'type II' relaxin-3-negative neurons, activation of a sodium/calcium exchanger was involved. A majority of the orexin-A sensitive neurons tested for the presence of orexin receptor mRNA, were OX2 mRNA-positive. Immunohistochemical staining for putative orexin receptors on NI neurons, confirmed stronger expression of OX2 than OX1 receptors. Our data demonstrate a strong influence of orexin-A on NI neurons, consistent with an important role for this hypothalamic/tegmental circuit in the regulation of arousal/vigilance and motivated behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Czerw
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Blasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alan Kania
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|