Quantification of the oxygen uptake rate in a dissolved oxygen controlled oscillating jet-driven microbioreactor

BACKGROUND

Microbioreactors have emerged as a new tool for early bioprocess development. The technology has advanced rapidly in the last decade and obtaining real-time quantitative data of process variables is nowadays state of the art. In addition, control over process variables has also been achieved. The aim of this study was to build a microbioreactor capable of controlling dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and to determine oxygen uptake rate in real time.

RESULTS

An oscillating jet driven, membrane-aerated microbioreactor was developed without comprising any moving parts. Mixing times of ∼7 s, and k_La values of ∼170 h^-1 were achieved. DO control was achieved by varying the duty cycle of a solenoid microvalve, which changed the gas mixture in the reactor incubator chamber. The microbioreactor supported Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth over 30 h and cell densities of 6.7 g_dcw L^-1. Oxygen uptake rates of ∼34 mmol L^-1 h^-1 were achieved.

CONCLUSION

The results highlight the potential of DO-controlled microbioreactors to obtain real-time information on oxygen uptake rate, and by extension on cellular metabolism for a variety of cell types over a broad range of processing conditions. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Reduction of enantioselectivity in the kinetic disposition and metabolism of verapamil in rats exposed to toluene

Toluene and verapamil are subject to extensive oxidative metabolism mediated by CYP enzymes, and their interaction can be stereoselective. In the present study we investigated the influence of toluene inhalation on the enantioselective kinetic disposition of verapamil and its metabolite, norverapamil, in rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) received a single dose of racemic verapamil (10 mg/kg) orally at the fifth day of nose-only toluene or air (control group) inhalation for 6 h/day (25, 50, and 100 ppm). Serial blood samples were collected from the tail up to 6 h after verapamil administration. The plasma concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers were analyzed by LC-MS/MS by using a Chiralpak AD column. Toluene inhalation did not influence the kinetic disposition of verapamil or norverapamil enantiomers (p > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test) in rats. The pharmacokinetics of verapamil was enantioselective in the control group, with a higher plasma proportion of the S-verapamil (AUC 250.8 versus 120.4 ng x h x mL(-1); p < or = 0.05, Wilcoxon test) and S-norverapamil (AUC 72.3 versus 52.3 ng x h x mL(-1); p < or = 0.05, Wilcoxon test). Nose-only exposure to toluene at 25, 50, or 100 ppm resulted in a lack of enantioselectivity for both verapamil and norverapamil. The study demonstrates the importance of the application of enantioselective methods in studies on the interaction between solvents and chiral drugs.

Albendazole metabolism in patients with neurocysticercosis: antipyrine as a multifunctional marker drug of cytochrome P450

The present study investigates the isoform(s) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) involved in the metabolism of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX) to albendazole sulfone (ASON) in patients with neurocysticercosis using antipyrine as a multifunctional marker drug. The study was conducted on 11 patients with neurocysticercosis treated with a multiple dose regimen of albendazole for 8 days (5 mg/kg every 8 h). On the 5th day of albendazole treatment, 500 mg antipyrine was administered po. Blood and urine samples were collected up to 72 h after antipyrine administration. Plasma concentrations of (+)-ASOX, (-)-ASOX and ASON were determined by HPLC using a chiral phase column and detection by fluorescence. The apparent clearance (CL/f) of ASON and of the (+) and (-)-ASOX enantiomers were calculated and compared to total antipyrine clearance (CL(T)) and the clearance for the production of the three major antipyrine metabolites (CLm). A correlation (P<or=0.05) was obtained only between the CL(T) of antipyrine and the CL/f of ASON (r = 0.67). The existence of a correlation suggests the involvement of CYP isoforms common to the metabolism of antipyrine and of ASOX to ASON. Since the CL(T) of antipyrine is a general measure of CYP enzymes but with a slight to moderate weight toward CYP1A2, we suggest the involvement of this enzyme in ASOX to ASON metabolism in man. The study supports the establishment of a specific marker drug of CYP1A2 in the study of the in vivo metabolism of ASOX to ASON.

Enantioselective assay of nisoldipine in human plasma by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography combined with gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry: applications to pharmacokinetics

Nisoldipine, a second-generation dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, is a racemate compound used in the treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease. This study presents an enantioselective HPLC-GC-MS method for the analysis of nisoldipine in human plasma and establishes confidence limits for its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Plasma samples were basified and extracted with toluene. The enantiomers were resolved on a Chiralcel OD-H column using hexane-ethanol (97.5:2.5, v/v) and the (+)- and (-)-fractions were collected separately with the diode array detector switched off. For the quantification of the nisoldipine enantiomers a GC-MS with an Ultra 1 Hewlett-Packard column was used with the detector operated in the single-ion monitoring mode with electron-impact ionization (m/z 371.35 and 270.20 for nisoldipine and m/z 360.00 for the internal standard, nitrendipine). The method proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies based on the low quantification limit (0.05 ng/ml for each enantiomer) and the broad linear range (0.05-50.0 ng/ml for each enantiomer). Low coefficients of variation (<15%) were demonstrated for both within-day and between-day assays. No interference from drugs associated with nisoldipine treatment was observed. The enantioselective pilot study on the kinetic disposition of nisoldipine administered in the racemic form to a hypertensive patient using a multiple dose regimen revealed the accumulation of the (+)-enantiomer with an AUC(0-24) (+)/(-) ratio of approximately 8. Both enantiomers were quantified in plasma at a time interval of 24 h. This HPLC-GC-MS method is reliable, selective and sensitive enough to be used in clinical pharmacokinetic studies on the enantioselective disposition of nisoldipine in humans.

Effects of carvedilol on isolated heart mitochondria: evidence for a protonophoretic mechanism

Carvedilol (¿1-[carbazolyl-(4)-oxy]-3-[2-methoxyphenoxyethyl)amino]-pro panol-(2) ¿) is a novel compound used in clinical practice for the treatment of congestive heart failure, mild to moderate hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Carvedilol was also shown to protect cardiac mitochondria from oxidative stress events. Because mitochondria are the main suppliers of ATP for cardiac muscle work, a study of the effects of carvedilol in mitochondrial bioenergetics is necessary to fully understand the basis of its protective role in myocardial energetics. In this work we show that carvedilol acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing mitochondrial electric potential (DeltaPsi) by a weak protonophoretic mechanism. Theoretical studies were carried out to determine the relevance of conformation and proton affinity of the protonable amino side-chain group in the proton-shuttling activity across the inner mitochondrial membrane. BM910228, a hydroxylated metabolite of carvedilol, was also studied for comparison with the parent compound. Implications for the protective role of carvedilol in heart mitochondrial bioenergetics are discussed.

Enantioselective kinetic disposition of albendazole sulfoxide in patients with neurocysticercosis

The enantioselectivity of the kinetic disposition of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX) was investigated in 18 patients with neurocysticercosis treated with a multiple dose regimen of albendazole for 8 days (5 mg/kg every 8 h). Serial blood samples were collected on the eighth day of treatment during the last dose interval, with prorogation up to 12 h. Albendazole sulfone (ASON) and enantiomers of ASOX were analyzed in plasma samples by HPLC using a Chiralpak AD column and detection by fluorescence. The pharmacokinetic parameters showing statistically significant differences between the (+) ASOX and (-) ASOX enantiomers are presented as respective means (95% CI) as follows: maximum plasma concentration, Cmax = 301.6 (179.7-423.5) vs 54.9 (21.9-87.9) ng.ml-1; elimination half-life, t1/2 = 5.2 (4.1-6.3) vs 3.3 (2.8-3.8) h, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, AUCss0-8 = 1719.2 (978.6-2459.8) vs 261.4 (102.9-419.8) ng.h.ml-1 and apparent clearance, Cl/fm = 5.8 (3.8-7.8) vs 54.0 (35.2-72.7) l.h-1.kg-1. The mean value of 9.2 (7.6-10.9) for the AUC0-8(+)-ASOX/AUC0-8(-)-ASOX ratio demonstrated plasma accumulation of the (+) enantiomer. Sulfone formation capacity, expressed by the AUCss0-8 ratio ASON/ASOX + ASON, was 8.0 (7.0-8.9). The present data indicate enantioselectivity in the kinetic disposition of ASOX in patients with neurocysticercosis.

Simultaneous determination of albendazole sulfoxide enantiomers and albendazole sulfone in plasma

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) enantiomers and albendazole sulfone (ABZSO2) in human plasma. The resolution of ABZSO enantiomers and ABZSO2 was obtained on a Chiralpak AD column using hexane-isopropanol-ethanol (81:14.25:4.75, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The drugs were detected by fluorescence (lambda(exc) = 280 nm, lambda(em) = 320 nm). The drugs were extracted from 500 microl plasma with ethyl acetate, and after solvent evaporation, the residues were dissolved in the mobile phase and chromatographed. The method was precise and accurate for the three compounds, as judged by the coefficients of variation and relative errors observed. Linear standard curves were obtained in the concentration range of 5-2500 ng/ml for ABZSO enantiomers and 1-500 ng/ml for ABZSO2. A typical plasma concentration-time profile is presented for one patient under treatment for neurocysticercosis.

Therapy for neurocysticercosis: pharmacokinetic interaction of albendazole sulfoxide with dexamethasone

Albendazole is considered the drug of choice for neurocysticercosis. It is frequently used in combination with dexamethasone to prevent the acute inflammatory reaction due to cysticercal death. It has been reported that dexamethasone increases the plasma level of albendazole sulfoxide, the active metabolite of albendazole. The pharmacokinetic interaction of albendazole sulfoxide with dexamethasone, associated or not with cimetidine, was investigated in 24 patients with active intraparenchymal brain cysticercosis. Eight of these patients received albendazole alone, eight received it in combination with dexamethasone, and eight received it in combination with both dexamethasone and cimetidine. The pharmacokinetic parameters maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, absorption half-life, and absorption rate constant did not differ between groups, suggesting that the formation of albendazole sulfoxide was not altered by the administration of dexamethasone, combined or not with cimetidine. There were significant differences, however, in the parameters plasma concentration-time curve, oral clearance, elimination half-life, and elimination rate constant, suggesting that dexamethasone, combined or not with cimetidine, decreases the rate of elimination of albendazole sulfoxide.