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Chaudhary SS, Toivonen A, Waratkar G, Mo G, Chatterjee D, Antier S, Brockill P, Coughlin MW, Essick R, Ghosh S, Morisaki S, Baral P, Baylor A, Adhikari N, Brady P, Cabourn Davies G, Dal Canton T, Cavaglia M, Creighton J, Choudhary S, Chu YK, Clearwater P, Davis L, Dent T, Drago M, Ewing B, Godwin P, Guo W, Hanna C, Huxford R, Harry I, Katsavounidis E, Kovalam M, Li AK, Magee R, Marx E, Meacher D, Messick C, Morice-Atkinson X, Pace A, De Pietri R, Piotrzkowski B, Roy S, Sachdev S, Singer LP, Singh D, Szczepanczyk M, Tang D, Trevor M, Tsukada L, Villa-Ortega V, Wen L, Wysocki D. Low-latency gravitational wave alert products and their performance at the time of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316474121. [PMID: 38652749 PMCID: PMC11067028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316474121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multimessenger searches for binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers are currently one of the most exciting areas of astronomy. The search for joint electromagnetic and neutrino counterparts to gravitational wave (GW)s has resumed with ALIGO's, AdVirgo's and KAGRA's fourth observing run (O4). To support this effort, public semiautomated data products are sent in near real-time and include localization and source properties to guide complementary observations. In preparation for O4, we have conducted a study using a simulated population of compact binaries and a mock data challenge (MDC) in the form of a real-time replay to optimize and profile the software infrastructure and scientific deliverables. End-toend performance was tested, including data ingestion, running online search pipelines, performing annotations, and issuing alerts to the astrophysics community. We present an overview of the low-latency infrastructure and the performance of the data products that are now being released during O4 based on the MDC. We report the expected median latency for the preliminary alert of full bandwidth searches (29.5 s) and show consistency and accuracy of released data products using the MDC. We report the expected median latency for triggers from early warning searches (-3.1 s), which are new in O4 and target neutron star mergers during inspiral phase. This paper provides a performance overview for LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) low-latency alert infrastructure and data products using theMDCand serves as a useful reference for the interpretation of O4 detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Sharma Chaudhary
- Institute of Multi-messenger Astrophysics and Cosmology, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO65409
| | - Andrew Toivonen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | | | - Geoffrey Mo
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- MIT Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- MIT Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Sarah Antier
- Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice06304, France
| | - Patrick Brockill
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Michael W. Coughlin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Reed Essick
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H8, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A7, Canada
- David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Shaon Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Montclair State University, NJ07043
| | - Soichiro Morisaki
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba277-8582, Japan
| | - Pratyusava Baral
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Amanda Baylor
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Naresh Adhikari
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Patrick Brady
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | | | - Tito Dal Canton
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay91405, France
| | - Marco Cavaglia
- Institute of Multi-messenger Astrophysics and Cosmology, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO65409
| | | | - Sunil Choudhary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Yu-Kuang Chu
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Patrick Clearwater
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Luke Davis
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Dent
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marco Drago
- Universitá di Roma La Sapienza and INFN, Sezione di Roma, RomaI-00133, Italy
| | - Becca Ewing
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Patrick Godwin
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Weichangfeng Guo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Chad Hanna
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Rachael Huxford
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Ian Harry
- University of Portsmouth, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Katsavounidis
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- MIT Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Manoj Kovalam
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Alvin K.Y. Li
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Ryan Magee
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Ethan Marx
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- MIT Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Duncan Meacher
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Cody Messick
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | | | - Alexander Pace
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Roberto De Pietri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Universitá di Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Brandon Piotrzkowski
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
| | - Soumen Roy
- Nikhef, Amsterdam1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Surabhi Sachdev
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GW30332
| | - Leo P. Singer
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD20771
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | | | - Daniel Tang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Max Trevor
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Leo Tsukada
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Verónica Villa-Ortega
- Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Linqing Wen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, HawthornVIC3122, Australia
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA6009, Australia
| | - Daniel Wysocki
- Leonard E. Parker Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI53201
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