1
|
Hierro-Oliva M, Gallardo-Moreno AM, González-Martín ML. Surface Characterisation of Human Serum Albumin Layers on Activated Ti6Al4V. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7416. [PMID: 34885570 PMCID: PMC8658959 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adpsortion of protein layers on biomaterials plays an important role in the interactions between implants and the bio-environment. In this context, human serum albumin (HSA) layers have been deposited on modified Ti6Al4V surfaces at different ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation times to observe possible changes in the adsorbed protein layer. Protein adsorption was done from solutions at concentraions lower than the serum protein concentration, to follow the surface modifications at the beginning of the albumin adhesion process. For this purpose, the surface of the protein-coated samples has been characterized by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The results obtained show a reduction in the total surface tension and zeta potential of samples treated with UV-C light when coated with a protein layer. Furthermore, the UV-C light treatment applied to titanium alloy surfaces is able to modify the conformation, orientation and packing of the proteins arranged in the adsorbed layer. Low irradiation time generates an unstable surface with the lowest protein adsorption and the highest hydrophobic/hydrophilic protein ratio, indicating a possible denaturalization of the protein on these surfaces. However, surface changes are stabilized after 15 h or UV-C irradiation, favoring the protein adsorption through electrical interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amparo M. Gallardo-Moreno
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Córdoba A, Hierro-Oliva M, Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, Fernández-Calderón MC, Perelló J, Isern B, González-Martín ML, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Direct Covalent Grafting of Phytate to Titanium Surfaces through Ti-O-P Bonding Shows Bone Stimulating Surface Properties and Decreased Bacterial Adhesion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:11326-11335. [PMID: 27088315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol hexaphosphate, also called phytic acid or phytate (IP6), is a natural molecule abundant in vegetable seeds and legumes. Among other functions, IP6 inhibits bone resorption. It is adsorbed on the surface of hydroxyapatite, inhibiting its dissolution and decreasing the progressive loss of bone mass. We present here a method to directly functionalize Ti surfaces covalently with IP6, without using a cross-linker molecule, through the reaction of the phosphate groups of IP6 with the TiO2 layer of Ti substrates. The grafting reaction consisted of an immersion in an IP6 solution to allow the physisorption of the molecules onto the substrate, followed by a heating step to obtain its chemisorption, in an adaptation of the T-Bag method. The reaction was highly dependent on the IP6 solution pH, only achieving a covalent Ti-O-P bond at pH 0. We evaluated two acidic pretreatments of the Ti surface, to increase its hydroxylic content, HNO3 30% and HF 0.2%. The structure of the coated surfaces was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and ellipsometry. The stability of the IP6 coating after three months of storage and after sterilization with γ-irradiation was also determined. Then, we evaluated the biological effect of Ti-IP6 surfaces in vitro on MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, showing an osteogenic effect. Finally, the effect of the surfaces on the adhesion and biofilm viability of oral microorganisms S. mutans and S. sanguinis was also studied, and we found that Ti-IP6 surfaces decreased the adhesion of S. sanguinis. A surface that actively improves osseointegration while decreasing the bacterial adhesion could be suitable for use in bone implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Córdoba
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pacha-Olivenza
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Perelló
- Laboratoris Sanifit , ParcBIT, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bernat Isern
- Laboratoris Sanifit , ParcBIT, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
| | - Joana M Ramis
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands , Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma , 07010 Palma, España
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crespo L, Hierro-Oliva M, Barriuso S, Vadillo-Rodríguez V, Montealegre MÁ, Saldaña L, Gomez-Barrena E, González-Carrasco JL, González-Martín ML, Vilaboa N. On the interactions of human bone cells with Ti6Al4V thermally oxidized by means of laser shock processing. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:015009. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/1/015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
4
|
Peña-González CE, García-Broncano P, Ottaviani MF, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Hierro-Oliva M, González-Martín ML, Pérez-Serrano J, Gómez R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Sánchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ. Dendronized Anionic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiviral Activity. Chemistry 2016; 22:2987-99. [PMID: 26875938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic carbosilane dendrons decorated with sulfonate functions and one thiol moiety at the focal point have been used to synthesize water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the direct reaction of dendrons, gold precursor, and reducing agent in water, and also through a place-exchange reaction. These nanoparticles have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and zeta-potential measurements. The interacting ability of the anionic sulfonate functions was investigated by EPR spectroscopy with copper(II) as a probe. Different structures and conformations of the AuNPs modulate the availability of sulfonate and thiol groups for complexation by copper(II). Toxicity assays of AuNPs showed that those produced through direct reaction were less toxic than those obtained by ligand exchange. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection was higher in the case of dendronized AuNPs than in dendrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia E Peña-González
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Pilar García-Broncano
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Campus Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. .,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. .,Networking Research Center for Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Córdoba A, Monjo M, Hierro-Oliva M, González-Martín ML, Ramis JM. Bioinspired Quercitrin Nanocoatings: A Fluorescence-Based Method for Their Surface Quantification, and Their Effect on Stem Cell Adhesion and Differentiation to the Osteoblastic Lineage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:16857-16864. [PMID: 26167954 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol-based coatings have several potential applications in medical devices, such as cardiovascular stents, contrast agents, drug delivery systems, or bone implants, due to the multiple bioactive functionalities of these compounds. In a previous study, we fabricated titanium surfaces functionalized with flavonoids through covalent chemistry, and observed their osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties in vitro. In this work, we report a fluorescence-based method for the quantification of the amount of flavonoid grafted onto the surfaces, using 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, a boronic ester that spontaneously forms a fluorescent complex with flavonoids. The method is sensitive, simple, rapid, and easy to perform with routine equipment, and could be applied to determine the surface coverage of other plant-derived polyphenol-based coatings. Besides, we evaluated an approach based on reductive amination to covalently graft the flavonoid quercitrin to Ti substrates, and optimized the grafting conditions. Depending on the reaction conditions, the amount of quercitrin grafted was between 64 ± 10 and 842 ± 361 nmol on 6.2 mm Ti coins. Finally, we evaluated the in vitro behavior of bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the quercitrin nanocoated Ti surfaces. The surfaces functionalized with quercitrin showed a faster stem cell adhesion than control surfaces, probably due to the presence of the catechol groups of quercitrin on the surfaces. A rapid cell adhesion is crucial for the successful performance of an implant. Furthermore, quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces enhanced the mineralization of the cells after 21 days of cell culture. These results indicate that quercitrin nanocoatings could promote the rapid osteointegration of bone implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Córdoba
- †Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- ‡Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- †Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- ‡Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- §Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- ∥Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- §Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- ∥Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joana Maria Ramis
- †Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- ‡Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, 07010 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Córdoba A, Satué M, Gómez-Florit M, Hierro-Oliva M, Petzold C, Lyngstadaas SP, González-Martín ML, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Flavonoid-modified surfaces: multifunctional bioactive biomaterials with osteopromotive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic potential. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:540-9. [PMID: 25335455 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are small polyphenolic molecules of natural origin with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Here, a bioactive surface based on the covalent immobilization of flavonoids taxifolin and quercitrin on titanium substrates is presented, using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as coupling agent. FTIR and XPS measurements confirm the grafting of the flavonoids to the surfaces. Using 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (DPBA, a flavonoid-specific dye), the modified surfaces are imaged by fluorescence microscopy. The bioactivity of the flavonoid-modified surfaces is evaluated in vitro with human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and compared to that of simple flavonoid coatings prepared by drop casting. Flavonoid-modified surfaces show anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic potential on HGF. In addition, Ti surfaces covalently functionalized with flavonoids promote the differentiation of hUC-MSCs to osteoblasts--enhancing the expression of osteogenic markers, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition; while drop-casted surfaces do not. These findings could have a high impact in the development of advanced implantable medical devices like bone implants. Given the broad range of bioactivities of flavonoid compounds, these surfaces are ready to be explored for other biomedical applications, e.g., as stent surface or tumor-targeted functionalized nanoparticles for cardiovascular or cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Córdoba
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); University of the Balearic Islands; Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - María Satué
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); University of the Balearic Islands; Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Florit
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); University of the Balearic Islands; Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | | | | | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); University of the Balearic Islands; Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Joana M. Ramis
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); University of the Balearic Islands; Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monje A, González-García R, Fernández-Calderón MC, Hierro-Oliva M, González-Martín ML, Del Amo FSL, Galindo-Moreno P, Wang HL, Monje F. Surface Topographical Changes of a Failing Acid-Etched Long-Term in Function Retrieved Dental Implant. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2015; 42:12-6. [PMID: 25642739 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report the main topographical and chemical changes of a failing 18-year in function retrieved acid-etching implant in the micro- and nanoscales. A partially edentulous 45 year old rehabilitated with a dental implant at 18 years of age exhibited mobility. After careful examination, a 3.25 × 13-mm press-fit dental implant was retrieved. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out to study topographical changes of the retrieved implant compared with an unused implant with similar topographical characteristics. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to study the surface composition of the retrieved failing implant. Clear changes related to the dual dioxide layer are present as visible in ≥×500 magnification. In addition, it was found that, for the retrieved implant, the surface composition consisted mainly of Ti2p, O1s, C1s, and Al2p. Also, a meaningful decrease of N and C was noticed, whereas the peaks of Ti2p, Al2p, and O1s increased when analyzing deeper (up to ×2000s) in the sample. It was shown that the superficial surface of a retrieved press-fit dual acid-etched implant 18 years after placement is impaired. However, the causes and consequences for these changes cannot be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Monje
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Raúl González-García
- 2 Centro de Implantología, Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial/Centre for Implantology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- 3 Department of Applied Physics, University of Extremadura and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Extremadura and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Extremadura and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Hom-Lay Wang
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Florencio Monje
- 2 Centro de Implantología, Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial/Centre for Implantology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
González-García R, Monje A, Fernández-Calderón MC, Hierro-Oliva M, González-Martín ML, Monje F. Three-dimensional and chemical changes on the surface of a 3-year clinically retrieved oxidized titanium dental implant. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 34:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|