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Mondi A, Lorenzini P, Castilletti C, Gagliardini R, Lalle E, Corpolongo A, Valli MB, Taglietti F, Cicalini S, Loiacono L, Di Gennaro F, D'Offizi G, Palmieri F, Nicastri E, Agrati C, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G, Vaia F, Girardi E, Capobianchi MR, Antinori A, Zito S, Abbonizio MA, Abdeddaim A, Agostini E, Agrati C, Albarello F, Amadei G, Amendola A, Antinori A, Antonica MA, Antonini M, Bartoli TA, Baldini F, Barbaro R, Bartolini B, Bellagamba R, Benigni M, Bevilacqua N, Biava G, Bibas M, Bordi L, Bordoni V, Boumis E, Branca M, Buonomo R, Busso D, Camici M, Campioni P, Canichella F, Capobianchi MR, Capone A, Caporale C, Caraffa E, Caravella I, Carletti F, Castilletti C, Cataldo A, Cerilli S, Cerva C, Chiappini R, Chinello P, Cianfarani MA, Ciaralli C, Cimaglia C, Cinicola N, Ciotti V, Cicalini S, Colavita F, Corpolongo A, Cristofaro M, Curiale S, D'Abramo A, Dantimi C, De Angelis A, De Angelis G, De Palo MG, De Zottis F, Di Bari V, Di Lorenzo R, Di Stefano F, D'Offizi G, Donno D, Evangelista F, Faraglia F, Farina A, Ferraro F, Fiorentini L, Frustaci A, Fusetti M, Galati V, Gagliardini R, Gallì P, Garotto G, Gaviano I, Tekle SG, Giancola ML, Giansante F, Giombini E, Granata G, Greci MC, Grilli E, Grisetti S, Gualano G, Iacomi F, Iaconi M, Iannicelli G, Inversi C, Ippolito G, Lalle E, Lamanna ME, Lanini S, Lapa D, Lepore L, Libertone R, Lionetti R, Liuzzi G, Loiacono L, Lucia A, Lufrani F, Macchione M, Maffongelli G, Marani A, Marchioni L, Mariano A, Marini MC, Maritti M, Mastrobattista A, Mastrorosa I, Matusali G, Mazzotta V, Mencarini P, Meschi S, Messina F, Micarelli S, Mogavero G, Mondi A, Montalbano M, Montaldo C, Mosti S, Murachelli S, Musso M, Nardi M, Navarra A, Nicastri E, Nocioni M, Noto P, Noto R, Oliva A, Onnis I, Ottou S, Palazzolo C, Pallini E, Palmieri F, Palombi G, Pareo C, Passeri V, Pelliccioni F, Penna G, Petrecchia A, Petrone A, Petrosillo N, Pianura E, Pinnetti C, Pisciotta M, Piselli P, Pittalis S, Pontarelli A, Proietti C, Puro V, Ramazzini PM, Rianda A, Rinonapoli G, Rosati S, Rubino D, Rueca M, Ruggeri A, Sacchi A, Sampaolesi A, Sanasi F, Santagata C, Scarabello A, Scarcia S, Schininà V, Scognamiglio P, Scorzolini L, Stazi G, Strano G, Taglietti F, Taibi C, Taloni G, Nardi T, Tonnarini R, Topino S, Tozzi M, Vaia F, Vairo F, Valli MB, Vergori A, Vincenzi L, Visco-Comandini U, Vita S, Vittozzi P, Zaccarelli M, Zanetti A, Zito S. Risk and predictive factors of prolonged viral RNA shedding in upper respiratory specimens in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to an Italian reference hospital. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:532-539. [PMID: 33676001 PMCID: PMC7927669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available about the predictors and outcomes associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding (VS). Methods A retrospective study including COVID-19 patients admitted to an Italian hospital between March 1 and July 1, 2020. Predictors of viral clearance (VC) and prolonged VS from the upper respiratory tract were assessed by Poisson regression and logistic regression analyses. The causal relation between VS and clinical outcomes was evaluated through an inverse probability weighted Cox model. Results The study included 536 subjects. The median duration of VS from symptoms onset was 18 days. The estimated 30-day probability of VC was 70.2%. Patients with comorbidities, lymphopenia at hospital admission, or moderate/severe respiratory disease had a lower chance of VC. The development of moderate/severe respiratory failure, delayed hospital admission after symptoms onset, baseline comorbidities, or D-dimer >1000 ng/mL at admission independently predicted prolonged VS. The achievement of VC doubled the chance of clinical recovery and reduced the probability of death/mechanical ventilation. Conclusions Respiratory disease severity, comorbidities, delayed hospital admission and inflammatory markers negatively predicted VC, which resulted to be associated with better clinical outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of prompt hospitalization of symptomatic patients, especially where signs of severity or comorbidities are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Mondi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lorenzini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Corpolongo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Valli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Taglietti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cicalini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Loiacono
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gennaro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Antinori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Zito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Amina Abdeddaim
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Agostini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Albarello
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Amadei
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Antonini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Baldini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Barbaro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Bellagamba
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Benigni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nazario Bevilacqua
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Biava
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Bibas
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelo Boumis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Branca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Buonomo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Busso
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Camici
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Campioni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Canichella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Capone
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Caporale
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Caraffa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caravella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Cataldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cerilli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cerva
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Chiappini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Chinello
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Ciaralli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cimaglia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cinicola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ciotti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cicalini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Corpolongo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Cristofaro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Curiale
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Abramo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Dantimi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia De Angelis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada De Angelis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia De Palo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico De Zottis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Di Bari
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Di Lorenzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Di Stefano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Donno
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Faraglia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Farina
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ferraro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Fiorentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Frustaci
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Fusetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Galati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gallì
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Garotto
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gaviano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Filippo Giansante
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giombini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Granata
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Greci
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grilli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Grisetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gina Gualano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Iacomi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Iaconi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Inversi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Lamanna
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Lepore
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Libertone
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Liuzzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Loiacono
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Lufrani
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Macchione
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Maffongelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marani
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Marchioni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mariano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Maritti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Mastrorosa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mencarini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Messina
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sibiana Micarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mogavero
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Montalbano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Montaldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mosti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Murachelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Musso
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Nardi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Navarra
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Nocioni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Noto
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Noto
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Onnis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandrine Ottou
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Palazzolo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Palombi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pareo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Virgilio Passeri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pelliccioni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Penna
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrecchia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Petrone
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Pianura
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pisciotta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluca Piselli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pittalis
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Pontarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Proietti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Rianda
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rinonapoli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Rosati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Dorotea Rubino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rueca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ruggeri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sanasi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Santagata
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Scarcia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Schininà
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scognamiglio
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Scorzolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Stazi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Taglietti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Taloni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tetaj Nardi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonnarini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Topino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Tozzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Valli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vergori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vincenzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Vita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Vittozzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaccarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Zanetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Zito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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