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Ladera Gómez ME, Nieto Farias MV, Rodríguez M, Váter A, Ceriani MC, Dolcini GL. Altered apoptosis and proliferation in milk cells and PBMc from BLV-infected bovines with different proviral loads: Possible role of the BCL-2 family proteins, TNF-alpha, and receptors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110703. [PMID: 38154260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovines infected by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are characterized by presenting low proviral load (LPL) or high proviral load (HPL). It is reported that animals with HPL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) present a decrease in apoptosis, an increase in viability and the proliferation rate, while animals that maintain an LPL have an intrinsic ability to control the infection, presenting an increased apoptosis rate of their PBMCs. However, there is little information on the effect of BLV on these mechanisms when the virus infects somatic milk cells (SC). This study investigates the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in milk and blood from BLV-infected animals with HPL and LPL. Relative levels of mRNA of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor 1 (TNF-RI), TNF receptor 2 (TNF-RII), anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) were measured in SC and PBMCs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. A significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α in SC from HPL animals vs non-infected bovines was observed, but the infection in SC with BLV did not show a modulation on the expression of TNF receptors. A significant increase in TNF-RI expression in PBMCs from HPL bovines compared to LPL bovines was observed. No significant differences in PBMCs between HPL and LPL compared to non-infected animals concerning TNF-α, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII expression were found. There was a significant increase of both Bcl-2 and Bax in SC from LPL compared to non-infected bovines, but the Bcl-2/Bax ratio showed an anti-apoptotic profile in LPL and HPL bovines compared to non-infected ones. Reduced mRNA expression levels of Bax were determined in the PBMCs from HPL compared to LPL subjects. In contrast, BLV-infected bovines did not differ significantly in the mRNA expression of Bax compared to non-infected bovines. Our data suggest that the increased mRNA expression of Bax corresponds to the late lactation state of bovine evaluated and the exacerbated increase of mRNA expression of Bcl-2 may be one of the mechanisms for the negative apoptosis regulation in the mammary gland induced by BLV infection. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of mammary cell death in HPL and LPL BLV-infected bovine mammary gland cells during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ladera Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - M V Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Rodríguez
- Área de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Váter
- Escuela de Educación Secundaria Agraria Nº1 "Dr. Ramón Santamarina", Tandil, Argentina
| | - M C Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G L Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Lendez PA, Rowland RRR, Sheahan MA, Cheuquepán Valenzuela FA, Marin MS, Dolcini G, Ceriani MC. Effect of bovine leukemia virus on bovine mammary epithelial cells. Virus Res 2019; 271:197678. [PMID: 31381943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that infects cattle and is associated with an increase in secondary infections. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of BLV infection on cell viability, apoptosis and morphology of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T), as well as Toll like receptors (TLR) and cytokine mRNA expression. Our findings show that BLV infection causes late syncytium formation, a decrease in cell viability, downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and an increase in TLR9 mRNA expression. Moreover, we analyzed how this stably infected cell line respond to the exposure to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a pathogen known to cause chronic mastitis. In the presence of S. aureus, MAC-T BLV cells had decreased viability and decreased Bcl-2 and TLR2 mRNA expression. The results suggest that mammary epithelial cells infected with BLV have altered the apoptotic and immune pathways, probably affecting their response to bacteria and favoring the development of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela A Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Maureen A Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Felipe A Cheuquepán Valenzuela
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Área de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia S Marin
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Área de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Martinez Cuesta L, Lendez PA, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Can Bovine Leukemia Virus Be Related to Human Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:101-107. [PMID: 29777406 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is continuously increasing worldwide, as influenced by many factors that act synergistically. In the last decade there was an increasing interest in the possible viral etiology of human breast cancer. Since then, many viruses have been associated with this disease (murine mammary tumor virus, MMTV; Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and human papillomavirus, HPV). Recently, BLV has been identified in human breast cancers giving rise to the hypothesis that it could be one of the causative agents of this condition. BLV is a retrovirus distributed worldwide that affects cattle, causing lymphosarcoma in a small proportion of infected animals. Because of its similarity with human retroviruses like HTLV and HIV, BLV was assumed to also be involved in tumor emergence. Based on this assumption, studies were focused on the possible role of BLV in human breast cancer development. We present a compilation of the current knowledge on the subject and some prospective analysis that is required to fully end this controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Lendez PA, Barone L, Pérez SE, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Stable infection of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Virus Res 2018; 256:11-16. [PMID: 30055215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle causing a lymphoproliferative disease. BLV infection has been associated with misbalance of the immune response causing a higher incidence of other infections. Mastitis is one of the most important conditions that affect milk production in cattle. The aim of this study was to stably infect a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). MAC-T cell line was successfully infected with BLV and the infection was confirmed by nested PCR, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line stably infected with BLV. This new cell line could be used as an in vitro model to study the effect of BLV on the immune response in the mammary gland and the relationship with other agents causing mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Barone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, B1686, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Juliarena MA, Lendez PA, Gutierrez SE, Forletti A, Rensetti DE, Ceriani MC. Partial molecular characterization of different proviral strains of bovine leukemia virus. Arch Virol 2012; 158:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Calastretti A, Rancati F, Ceriani MC, Asnaghi L, Canti G, Nicolin A. Rapamycin increases the cellular concentration of the BCL-2 protein and exerts an anti-apoptotic effect. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:2121-8. [PMID: 11597394 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressant rapamycin, an immunophilin-binding antibiotic, has been studied in follicular B-cell lymphoma lines that express the highest level of the BCL-2 protein. The growth rate of human follicular B-cell lymphoma lines was slowed more efficiently than that of other human B-cell lines or non-B-cell lines. This effect was dependent on the arrest of cells in the G(1) phase; the number of apoptotic cells was not increased. Rapamycin inhibited apoptosis or caspase activation induced by cytotoxic drugs, whereas caspase activation by doxorubicin was not inhibited. The increase in the cellular concentration of BCL-2 protein was related to its concentration in the steady state and was unrelated to the amount of bcl-2 mRNA. The increase of BCL-2 level in the cells rather than its level in the steady state may be important for drug resistance. The biochemical target of rapamycin, the mTOR kinase, may be a candidate sensitising agent for chemotherapy. This effect of rapamycin shows that G(1) arrest and protection from apoptosis are combined events susceptible to regulation by pharmacological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calastretti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, 20129, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
In an effort to identify potential upregulators of bcl-2 activity in t(14;18) follicular B lymphoma cells, we detected a hybrid bcl-2/IgH RNA transcribed in antisense orientation. This antisense transcript may contribute to upregulation of bcl-2 expression in t(14;18) cells, overlapping AU-rich motifs present in the 3'-untranslated region of bcl-2 mRNA. We have studied the enzymatic efficiency of a ribozyme directed towards the bcl-2 AU-rich region in a cell-free system determining its kinetic parameters.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Base Pairing
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Cell-Free System
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Kinetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Substrate Specificity
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bevilacqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Italy.
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